tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-59569499597599737132024-03-11T08:01:09.851-07:00History Controversy in the NewsThis blog attempts to share new historical information when it appears in other media. Its contents are linked to an understanding of how history is a 'live' subject which undergoes constant historical analysis, explanation and interpretation when new sources and perspectives are shared.Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.comBlogger268125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-28457480295491751292019-03-25T07:38:00.000-07:002019-03-25T07:54:41.424-07:00History Concepts<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkW77ldd-Nv8ZFuqUHxbU_igtZEQNB0HLog0syoepMkh5n_CA557ybRx5hBw4-6G4CEotZNmkvTNCYUoBmEG41nUMJPFnl5jcunpY5wCVF1gqNqWV4LaxCi-Nr04QdT3tfNDe8ulIgrZE/s1600/CPDD+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="720" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkW77ldd-Nv8ZFuqUHxbU_igtZEQNB0HLog0syoepMkh5n_CA557ybRx5hBw4-6G4CEotZNmkvTNCYUoBmEG41nUMJPFnl5jcunpY5wCVF1gqNqWV4LaxCi-Nr04QdT3tfNDe8ulIgrZE/s320/CPDD+%25281%2529.jpg" width="180" /></a></div><br />
Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-76688870447246760432017-10-04T02:09:00.001-07:002017-10-04T02:09:59.618-07:00Understanding Pre-modern Singapore<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="344" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/videoseries?list=PLNppKOnZJImHpJQ5rTrepsc3Vv0ViZMI-" width="425"></iframe>Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-27456967827714628982017-09-03T22:27:00.002-07:002017-09-03T22:27:48.980-07:00World's oldest man, Auschwitz survivor, Yistrael Kristal dies in 2017<h1 class="story-body__h1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<img alt="Yisrael Kristal sitting in his home in the Israeli city of Haifa in 2016" class="js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="660" height="549" src="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/660/cpsprodpb/C670/production/_97300805_3dfe7142-c6bb-4a1b-ba4c-23fae3ba53bb.jpg" style="background-color: #111111; border: 0px; color: #bdbdbd; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 645.781px;" width="976" /></h1>
<div class="story-body__inner" property="articleBody" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 53.7656px 0px auto; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<figure class="media-landscape has-caption full-width lead" style="background-color: #111111; border: 0px; clear: both; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px -54.2188px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px !important; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px !important;">Image copyright</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">AFP</span></span><figcaption class="media-caption" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px !important; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span class="media-caption__text" style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.23077; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yisrael Kristal, the world's oldest man, has died at the age of 113</span></figcaption></figure><div class="story-body__introduction" style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 28px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The world's oldest man - the only member of his immediate family to survive the Holocaust - has died at the age of 113.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 23px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Polish-born Yisrael Kristal died on Friday, a month before he was due to turn 114, Israeli media reported.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Mr Kristal, who lived in Haifa, Israel, hit the headlines last year after deciding to celebrate his bar mitzvah a century late.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The original celebration had not taken place because World War One broke out.</div>
<ul class="story-body__unordered-list" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 18px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li class="story-body__list-item" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; list-style: square outside; margin: 18px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="story-body__link" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-39768321" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3); border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Photographer 'in awe' of oldest athletes</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Mr Kristal was born in the village of Zarnow, about 90 miles (146km) south-west of Warsaw, in 1903.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The son of a religious scholar, Mr Kristal lost his mother and father during World War One, according to reports. He later moved to Lodz to work in the family confectionery business.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
After the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany in 1939, Mr Kristal and his family were moved into the Lodz ghetto.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
His two children died there and Mr Kristal and his wife Chaja Feige Frucht were sent to Auschwitz in 1944 after the ghetto was liquidated.</div>
<figure class="media-landscape has-caption full-width" style="background-color: #111111; border: 0px; clear: both; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Marco Frigatti, of Guinness World Records, presenting Yisrael Kristal with his certificate of achievement for oldest living man, in the presence of the Kristal's daughter, her son and grandchildren." class="responsive-image__img js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="624" datasrc="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/13BA0/production/_97300808_182a0563-321c-437c-9f54-9246e793f849.jpg" height="549" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/13BA0/production/_97300808_182a0563-321c-437c-9f54-9246e793f849.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #bdbdbd; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 616.203px;" width="976" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px !important; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px !important;">Image copyright</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">AFP</span></span><figcaption class="media-caption" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px !important; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span class="media-caption__text" style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.23077; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mr Kristal remarried after the Holocaust and had two children (pictured in 2016)</span></figcaption></figure><div style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Mr Kristal's wife was murdered in Auschwitz but he survived, performing slave labour in that and other camps. When he was found by the Allies in May 1945 he weighed just 37 kg (5 stones 11 lbs).</div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
According to <a class="story-body__link-external" href="http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/243099/worlds-oldest-man-holocaust-survivor-yisrael-kristal-dies-one-month-shy-of-his-114th-birthday" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3); border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Tablet Mag</a>, he thanked the Soviet soldiers who rescued him by making them sweets.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The sole survivor from his family, Mr Kristal emigrated to Israel in 1950 with his second wife and their son, where he continued to run his confectionery business until his retirement.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Mr Kristal was <a class="story-body__link" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-35787569" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3); border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">officially recognised</a> as the world's oldest man by the Guinness Book of Records in March 2016.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Speaking at the time, he admitted he did not know the secret to a long life, saying: "There have been smarter, stronger and better looking men than me who are no longer alive."</div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
He is survived by two children, as well as grandchildren and great-grandchildren, <a class="story-body__link-external" href="http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.806314" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3); border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Israeli newspaper Haaretz reported</a>.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
His daughter Shula Koperstoch said he had died on Friday afternoon after becoming ill on Thursday.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
She told Israeli news website Ynet<a class="story-body__link-external" href="http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-5001638,00.html" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3); border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> [in Hebrew]</a> she had had a "great father", adding: "Despite all that he went through, and he lost the whole family in the Holocaust, he had a lot of optimism, and he always saw only light and good in everything."</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #404040; font-family: Helmet, Freesans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-40904907</span></div>
</div>
Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-51329583477925725212016-09-21T21:44:00.002-07:002017-09-03T22:28:34.734-07:00Georgia's Forgotten People<h1 class="story-body__h1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #1e1e1e; font-family: Helmet, Freesans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 2rem; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
In pictures: Georgia's forgotten people</h1>
<div class="story-body__mini-info-list-and-share" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(219, 219, 219); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #404040; font-family: Helmet, Freesans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 0px 0px 16px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 976px;">
<ul class="mini-info-list" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 16px 16px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li class="mini-info-list__item" style="border-right-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-right-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 0px; color: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2px 0.2em 2px 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="date date--v2" data-datetime="19 September 2016" data-seconds="1474243561" data-timestamp-inserted="true" style="background-image: url("../../../img/news--icons-sprite.png"); background-position: 0% -4011px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #5a5a5a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.23077; margin: 0px 0px 0px -10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 28px; vertical-align: baseline;">
19 September 2016</div>
</li>
<li class="mini-info-list__item" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mini-info-list__section-desc off-screen" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">From the section</span><a class="mini-info-list__section" data-entityid="section-label" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.298039); border: 0px; color: #a61b1b; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.23077; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Magazine</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="share-tools--no-event-tag" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Helmet, Freesans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="distinct-component-group container-twite" id="comp-pattern-library-6" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="twite" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: -44px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<form action="http://www.bbc.co.uk/modules/share/page" method="get" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Open share panel" class="twite__share-button" data-origin="page" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-37298129#share-tools" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.298039); background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #0b8a0b; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 8px 4px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="twite__share-icon" viewbox="0 0 29.266 32"><path d="M5.473 22.153c1.586 0 3.01-.684 4.012-1.762l9 4.845c-.102.412-.16.85-.16 1.297 0 3.02 2.452 5.468 5.472 5.468 3.017 0 5.47-2.446 5.47-5.468 0-3.023-2.453-5.47-5.47-5.47-1.587 0-3.02.68-4.015 1.757l-9.457-5.175-.074-2.792 9.74-5.456c.99.953 2.327 1.543 3.807 1.543 3.017 0 5.47-2.45 5.47-5.474 0-3.022-2.453-5.467-5.47-5.467-3.02 0-5.473 2.444-5.473 5.466 0 .554.08 1.09.243 1.597L9.27 12.75c-.988-.95-2.326-1.537-3.797-1.537C2.447 11.213 0 13.657 0 16.68c0 3.03 2.447 5.473 5.473 5.473"></path></svg><span class="twite__share-text" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; left: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3px; vertical-align: baseline;">Share</span></a></form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="story-body__inner" property="articleBody" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Helmet, Freesans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br />
<br />
<figure class="media-landscape no-caption full-width lead" style="border: 0px; clear: both; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Marium Gabisonia, aged seven-years-old, looks out the second story window of the room she shares with her sister" class="js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="976" height="549" src="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/09E0/production/_91182520_mediaitem91182519.jpg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 976px;" width="976" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Image copyright</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">JACOB BORDEN</span></span></figure><br />
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-left: 165.16px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Twenty-five years after the fall of the USSR, many people struggling to find a home and a job in the former Soviet republic of Georgia have made their home in abandoned buildings.</strong></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-left: 165.16px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Some are refugees from Abkhazia, a Georgian region which fought a war of secession in 1992-93. A quarter of a million people were internally displaced in the conflict. Others became homeless after simply falling on hard times.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-left: 165.16px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Approximately 400 are living in harsh conditions in an abandoned Soviet-era military hospital in the capital, Tbilisi. Photographer Jacob Borden captured what life is like for these people living on the margins of society.</div>
<br />
<br />
<figure class="media-landscape no-caption full-width lead" style="border: 0px; clear: both; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Maia Daiauri, aged 45, begins to prepare a former hospital room into a liveable environment" class="js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="976" height="648" src="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/EE1D/production/_91175906_091cc539-1f2a-4721-8baa-a5029c22987d.jpg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 976px;" width="976" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Image copyright</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">JACOB BORDEN</span></span></figure><br />
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-left: 165.16px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Maia Daiauri, aged 45, works to turn one of the rooms in the former hospital into a liveable space. All of the occupied rooms have windows, and almost all of the residents have a small gas canister and burner to cook on. Most rooms have small wood-burning stoves, used as heaters in the winter. Those who do not have access to heating or plumbing share with their neighbours. There is a strong sense of community. As one resident says: "We don't have much, all we have is each other."</div>
<br />
<br />
<figure class="media-landscape no-caption full-width lead" style="border: 0px; clear: both; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="A view of the building and courtyard as seen from an adjacent building" class="js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="976" height="648" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/EEEF/production/_91176116_78f5f555-dcd2-4b5d-93d2-7953e7303b51.jpg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 976px;" width="976" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Image copyright</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">JACOB BORDEN</span></span></figure><br />
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-left: 165.16px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The derelict hospital is unsafe, and utilities such as electricity are diverted through a patchwork of wires and pipes, while raw sewage often trickles down walls because of broken plumbing. In 2015, a young boy died in a fire caused by faulty wiring.</div>
<br />
<br />
<figure class="media-landscape no-caption full-width lead" style="border: 0px; clear: both; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Nikoloz Beriashuili, aged two-years-old, sleeps in the one room he shares with his mother, father and sister" class="js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="976" height="648" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/1233D/production/_91175547_becea079-b1f1-4b35-a20e-0d278b143dcd.jpg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 976px;" width="976" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Image copyright</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">JACOB BORDEN</span></span></figure><br />
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-left: 165.16px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
About 80 children live in the building and the majority are under six years old, like Nikoloz Beriashuili, aged two, who sleeps in the same room as his mother, father and sister. Some of the children who live in the building skip school, saying they do not find it useful. Older children who have also dropped out of school often take care of their younger siblings.</div>
<br />
<br />
<figure class="media-landscape no-caption full-width lead" style="border: 0px; clear: both; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Residents walk through the first floor hallway at dusk" class="js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="976" height="646" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/C7DF/production/_91176115_c9755c4f-fabf-491b-80a6-b77c6cc2dc25.jpg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 976px;" width="976" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Image copyright</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">JACOB BORDEN</span></span></figure><br />
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-left: 165.16px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Most of the residents rely on state benefits. They prefer to spend the 300 Lari (£97.99) they receive each month on food, rather than use it to rent poor-quality housing, and they avoid taking official jobs for fear of losing this cash lifeline.</div>
<br />
<br />
<figure class="media-landscape no-caption full-width lead" style="border: 0px; clear: both; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="A lone Soviet era car sits in a parking lot outside the building" class="js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="976" height="648" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/D51D/production/_91175545_fdd56cf2-f7f9-49d8-a196-eaa25f20d438.jpg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 976px;" width="976" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Image copyright</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">JACOB BORDEN</span></span></figure><br />
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-left: 165.16px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
A Soviet-era car sits in a parking lot outside the building. Some older residents remember the communist era with nostalgia, as they say they had homes, jobs and stability then. Most are embittered and feel they have been left behind by Georgia's shift to a market economy.</div>
<br />
<br />
<figure class="media-landscape no-caption full-width lead" style="border: 0px; clear: both; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Matiko Pirtskhulava, aged 46, stands in her two room unit. She lives alone while her two teenage children attend seminary school" class="js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="976" height="647" src="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/07A5/production/_91175910_41924300-ecfa-4d1c-b5a6-99543c0bfeb9.jpg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 976px;" width="976" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Image copyright</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">JACOB BORDEN</span></span></figure><br />
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-left: 165.16px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Matiko Pirtskhulava, aged 46, stands in her two-room unit. She lives alone while her two teenage children attend a seminary. In the building there are many women who live by themselves or with children, some have been widowed and subsequently left homeless.</div>
<br />
<br />
<figure class="media-landscape no-caption full-width lead" style="border: 0px; clear: both; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="A conch shell provides shelter for the lone minnow in a fish tank in a bedroom" class="js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="976" height="645" src="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/55C5/production/_91175912_95a9f9c0-7d0a-4468-aeec-4656fb0e080c.jpg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 976px;" width="976" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Image copyright</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">JACOB BORDEN</span></span></figure><figure class="media-landscape no-caption body-width lead" style="border: 0px; clear: both; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="White line 10 pixels" class="js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="976" height="10" src="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/976/media/images/81617000/jpg/_81617628_whiteline10x464.jpg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 976px;" width="464" /></span></figure><figure class="media-landscape no-caption full-width lead" style="border: 0px; clear: both; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="A pet dog is kept chained in the kitchen of one of the units" class="js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="976" height="649" src="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/5FED/production/_91175542_cbcb41db-01e5-4709-a0ce-8dc1c460551b.jpg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 976px;" width="976" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Image copyright</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">JACOB BORDEN</span></span></figure><br />
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-left: 165.16px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The residents do their best to improve the building and make the rooms they live in comfortable. Wallpaper and flooring scavenged from the neighbourhood are used to transform the concrete rooms into a home. A large conch shell provides shelter for a solitary minnow in the fish tank of one bedroom.</div>
<br />
<br />
<figure class="media-landscape no-caption full-width lead" style="border: 0px; clear: both; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Marium Gabisonia, aged seven-years-old, pauses during a game of tag with her siblings" class="js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="976" height="649" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/12CA5/production/_91056967_mediaitem91056965.jpg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 976px;" width="976" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Image copyright</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">JACOB BORDEN</span></span></figure><br />
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-left: 165.16px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
There are approximately 150 families living in the building. Marium Gabisonia, aged seven, shares a room with her sister and plays childhood games like tag in the corridors of the former hospital.</div>
<br />
<br />
<figure class="media-landscape no-caption full-width lead" style="border: 0px; clear: both; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Ia Ochiauri, 42, a mother of two lives with her husband and his brother . They do odd jobs when they can" class="js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="976" height="649" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/AE0D/production/_91175544_mediaitem91175543.jpg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 976px;" width="975" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Image copyright</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">JACOB BORDEN</span></span></figure><br />
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-left: 165.16px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Ia Ochiauri, 42, a mother of two, lives with her husband and his brother, doing odd jobs to get by.</div>
<br />
<br />
<figure class="media-landscape no-caption full-width lead" style="border: 0px; clear: both; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Matiko Pirtskhulava, aged 46, says: “I do not feel like I am a part of [Georgian] society"" class="js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="976" height="649" src="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/1634D/production/_91175909_mediaitem91175908.jpg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 976px;" width="976" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Image copyright</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">JACOB BORDEN</span></span></figure><br />
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-left: 165.16px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Matiko Pirtskhulava, aged 46, says: "I do not feel like I am a part of [Georgian] society." Many residents feel they have been overlooked by modern society, and watch while the echoes of Georgia's past crumble before their eyes.</div>
<div class="story-body__introduction" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-left: 165.16px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-top: 28px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
All photographs by Jacob Borden. Additional reporting by Tbel Abuseridze.</div>
</div>
Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-22910998308363852542016-09-21T21:41:00.001-07:002016-09-21T21:41:54.807-07:00DNA hints at earlier human exodus from Africa<h1 class="story-body__h1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #1e1e1e; font-family: Helmet, Freesans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 2rem; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
DNA hints at earlier human exodus from Africa</h1>
<div class="byline" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Helmet, Freesans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 16px; margin: 16px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="byline__name" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.28571; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">By Paul Rincon</span><span class="byline__title" style="border: 0px; color: #5a5a5a; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.28571; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Science editor, BBC News website</span></div>
<div class="story-body__mini-info-list-and-share" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(219, 219, 219); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #404040; font-family: Helmet, Freesans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 0px 0px 16px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 645.328px;">
<ul class="mini-info-list" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 16px 16px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li class="mini-info-list__item" style="border-right-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-right-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 0px; color: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2px 0.2em 2px 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="date date--v2" data-datetime="21 September 2016" data-seconds="1474480329" data-timestamp-inserted="true" style="background-image: url("../../../img/news--icons-sprite.png"); background-position: 0% -4011px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #5a5a5a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.23077; margin: 0px 0px 0px -10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 28px; vertical-align: baseline;">
21 September 2016</div>
</li>
<li class="mini-info-list__item" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mini-info-list__section-desc off-screen" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px !important; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px !important;">From the section</span><a class="mini-info-list__section" data-entityid="section-label" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/science_and_environment" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.298039); border: 0px; color: #a61b1b; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.23077; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Science & Environment</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="share-tools--no-event-tag" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Helmet, Freesans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="distinct-component-group container-twite" id="comp-pattern-library-6" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="twite" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: -44px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<form action="http://www.bbc.co.uk/modules/share/page" method="get" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Open share panel" class="twite__share-button" data-origin="page" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-37408014#share-tools" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.298039); background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #0b8a0b; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 8px 4px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="twite__share-icon" viewbox="0 0 29.266 32"><path d="M5.473 22.153c1.586 0 3.01-.684 4.012-1.762l9 4.845c-.102.412-.16.85-.16 1.297 0 3.02 2.452 5.468 5.472 5.468 3.017 0 5.47-2.446 5.47-5.468 0-3.023-2.453-5.47-5.47-5.47-1.587 0-3.02.68-4.015 1.757l-9.457-5.175-.074-2.792 9.74-5.456c.99.953 2.327 1.543 3.807 1.543 3.017 0 5.47-2.45 5.47-5.474 0-3.022-2.453-5.467-5.47-5.467-3.02 0-5.473 2.444-5.473 5.466 0 .554.08 1.09.243 1.597L9.27 12.75c-.988-.95-2.326-1.537-3.797-1.537C2.447 11.213 0 13.657 0 16.68c0 3.03 2.447 5.473 5.473 5.473"></path></svg><span class="twite__share-text" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; left: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3px; vertical-align: baseline;">Share</span></a></form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="story-body__inner" property="articleBody" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Helmet, Freesans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 53.7656px 0px auto; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<figure class="media-landscape has-caption full-width lead" style="background-color: #111111; border: 0px; clear: both; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px -54.2188px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Rock art from southern Africa" class="js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="660" height="549" src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/660/cpsprodpb/1412F/production/_91332228_e4480077-rock_art-spl.jpg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; color: #bdbdbd; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 645.781px;" width="976" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px !important; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px !important;">Image copyright</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY</span></span><figcaption class="media-caption" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px !important; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span class="media-caption__text" style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.23077; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The early migrants were hunter-gatherers, like the people depicted in this much more recent rock art from South Africa</span></figcaption></figure><div class="story-body__introduction" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 28px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Hints of an early exodus of modern humans from Africa may have been detected in living humans.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 23px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Present-day people outside Africa were thought to descend from a group that left their homeland 60,000 years ago.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Now, analysis of nearly 500 human genomes appears to have turned up the weak signal of an earlier migration.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
But the results suggest this early wave of <i style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Homo sapiens</i> all but vanished, so it does not drastically alter prevailing theories of our origins.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Writing <a class="story-body__link-external" href="http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature19792" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.298039); border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">in the academic journal Nature</a>, Luca Pagani, Mait Metspalu and colleagues describe hints of this pioneer group in their analysis of DNA in people from the Oceanian nation of Papua New Guinea.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
After evolving in Africa 200,000 years ago, modern humans are thought to have crossed through Egypt into the Arabian Peninsula some 60,000 years ago.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Until now, genetic evidence has shown that every non-African alive today could trace their origins to this fateful dispersal.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Yet we had known for some time that groups of modern humans made forays outside their "homeland" before 60,000 years ago.</div>
<ul class="story-body__unordered-list" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 18px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li class="story-body__list-item" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; list-style: square outside; margin: 18px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fossilised remains found at the Qafzeh and Es Skhul caves in Israel had been dated to between 120,000 and 90,000 years ago.</li>
<li class="story-body__list-item" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; list-style: square outside; margin: 18px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; vertical-align: baseline;">Then in 2015, scientists working in Daoxian, south China, reported the<a class="story-body__link-external" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v526/n7575/full/nature15696.html" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.298039); border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">discovery of modern human teeth</a> dating to at least 80,000 years ago.</li>
<li class="story-body__list-item" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; list-style: square outside; margin: 18px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; vertical-align: baseline;">An additional piece of evidence recently came from <a class="story-body__link-external" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v530/n7591/full/nature16544.html" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.298039); border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">traces of Homo sapiens DNA</a> in a female Neanderthal from Siberia's Altai mountains. The analysis suggested that modern humans and Neanderthals had begun mixing around 100,000 years ago - presumably outside Africa.</li>
</ul>
<figure class="media-landscape has-caption full-width" style="background-color: #111111; border: 0px; clear: both; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Child in Papua New Guinea" class="responsive-image__img js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="624" datasrc="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/160D3/production/_91332309_57b4ecc9-d429-4340-a663-918b3825733e.jpg" height="549" src="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/160D3/production/_91332309_57b4ecc9-d429-4340-a663-918b3825733e.jpg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; color: #bdbdbd; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.5s ease-in; vertical-align: baseline; width: 616.203px;" width="976" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px !important; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px !important;">Image copyright</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">ARIS MESSINIS/GETTY IMAGES</span></span><figcaption class="media-caption" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px !important; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span class="media-caption__text" style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.23077; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The faint signature of an earlier out of Africa migration may be found in people from Papua New Guinea</span></figcaption></figure><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
In order to reconcile this evidence with the genetic data from living populations, the prevailing view advanced by scientists was of a wave of pioneer settlement that ended in extinction.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
But the latest results suggest some descendents of these trailblazers survived long enough to get swept up in the later, ultimately more successful migration that led to the settling of Oceania.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
"The first instance when we thought we were seeing something was when we used a technique called MSMC, which allows you to look at split times of populations," said co-author Dr Mait Metspalu, director of the <a class="story-body__link-external" href="http://www.ebc.ee/" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.298039); border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Estonian Biocentre in Tartu</a>, told BBC News.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
His colleague and first author Dr Luca Pagani, also from the Estonian Biocentre, added: "All the other Eurasians we had were very homogenous in their split times from Africans.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
"This suggests most Eurasians diverged from Africans in a single event... about 75,000 years ago, while the Papuan split was more ancient - about 90,000 years ago. So we thought there must be something going on."</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
It was already known that Papuans, along with other populations from Oceania and Asia, derive a few per cent of their ancestry from Denisovans, an enigmatic sister group to the Neanderthals.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The researchers tried to remove this component, but were left with a third chunk of the genome which was different from the Denisovan segment and the overwhelming majority which represents the main out of Africa migration 60,000 years ago.</div>
<figure class="media-landscape has-caption full-width" style="background-color: #111111; border: 0px; clear: both; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Qafzeh remains" class="responsive-image__img js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="624" datasrc="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/2C3B/production/_91332311_e4390051-qafzeh_human_remains-spl.jpg" height="640" src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/2C3B/production/_91332311_e4390051-qafzeh_human_remains-spl.jpg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; color: #bdbdbd; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.5s ease-in; vertical-align: baseline; width: 616.203px;" width="976" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px !important; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px !important;">Image copyright</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY</span></span><figcaption class="media-caption" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px !important; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span class="media-caption__text" style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.23077; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fossil evidence from Israel, like this individual from Qafzeh cave, suggests modern humans were already living outside Africa at least 90,000 years ago</span></figcaption></figure><figure class="media-landscape has-caption full-width" style="background-color: #111111; border: 0px; clear: both; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Daoxian teeth" class="responsive-image__img js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="624" datasrc="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/534B/production/_91332312_2ec180f3-f4af-419e-bdc5-7abbd8886309.jpg" height="371" src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/534B/production/_91332312_2ec180f3-f4af-419e-bdc5-7abbd8886309.jpg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; color: #bdbdbd; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.5s ease-in; vertical-align: baseline; width: 616.203px;" width="660" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px !important; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px !important;">Image copyright</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">S XING, X-J WU</span></span><figcaption class="media-caption" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px !important; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span class="media-caption__text" style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.23077; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teeth from Daoxian suggest Homo sapiens had reached southern China by at least 80,000 years ago</span></figcaption></figure><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
"This third component had intermediate properties which we concluded must have originated as an independent expansion out of Africa about 120,000 years ago," Dr Pagani told BBC News.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
"We believe this makes up at least 2% of the genome of modern Papuans."</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a class="story-body__link-external" href="http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature18964" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.298039); border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In a separate paper</a> in the same edition of Nature, Prof David Reich and Swapan Mallick, both from Harvard Medical School, along with colleagues analysed 300 genomes from 142 different populations around the world.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
They found no evidence of substantial ancestry from an early African exodus in Papuans and other related populations such as indigenous Australians. They conclude that, if the genetic legacy of such a migration survives in these populations, it can't comprise more than a few per cent of their genomes.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
A similar conclusion is reached <a class="story-body__link-external" href="http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature18299" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.298039); border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">in a third study</a> on the genomes of indigenous Australian by the University of Copenhagen's Eske Willerslev and Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, along with colleagues.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Commenting on the Reich Lab study, Dr Metspalu told BBC News: "They do not detect an early Out of Africa, but they also do not reject it as long as it is just a few per cent in modern humans."</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Dr Pagani added: "All three papers all reach the same conclusions. That in Eurasians and also Papuans - the majority of their genomes come from the same major migration."</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Prof Chris Stringer, from London's <a class="story-body__link-external" href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.298039); border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Natural History Museum</a>, who was not involved with the genomic studies, commented: "The papers led by Mallick and by Malaspinas favour a single exit from Africa less than 80,000 years ago giving rise to all extant non-Africans, while that led by Pagani favours an additional and earlier exit more than 100,000 years ago, traces of which they claim can still be found in Australasians.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
"Unfortunately, the signs of past interbreeding with a Denisovan-like archaic population which are found at a level of about 4% in extant Australasians, according to the Malaspinas paper, complicate interpretations, as well as the possibility that there may have been yet other ancient interbreedings which are so far poorly understood."</div>
</div>
Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-80340732448804666772016-09-18T19:32:00.001-07:002016-09-18T19:32:44.108-07:00Sri Varavimada Kalimman temple in Toa Payoh (1860s)<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
<img alt="Image result for Sri Vairavimada Kaliamman temple toa payoh" height="240" src="http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/115245917.jpg" width="320" /><br />
<br />
The Sri Vairavimada Kaliamman temple in Toa Payoh can trace its roots to the 1860s, when it was a resting spot in the Orchard area for Indian plantation workers and dhobis (washermen). It then evolved into a place for Hindus to pray and sing devotional songs.<br />
<br />
<span style="line-height: 27.1429px;">This nugget of historical information, part of the Toa Payoh heritage trail, is one of thousands that online users can uncover in a new Web portal launched by the National Heritage Board (NHB) yesterday.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
Called Roots.sg, the site is a mammoth repository of information on more than 120,000 cultural treasures and historical artefacts from the national collection.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
It also includes 85 heritage trails, 72 national monuments, and about 1,000 heritage resources such as research papers and activity sheets.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
The portal "presents heritage resources in a much more dynamic manner", Parliamentary Secretary for Culture, Community and Youth Baey Yam Keng told Parliament. "Whether you are a serious researcher, or just a curious young student, Roots.sg will provide a new dimension for you to explore and learn more about our history and heritage," he added.</div>
<div id="innity-in-post" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px;">
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px;">
<div class="dfp-tag-wrapper" id="dfp-ad-midarticlespecial-wrapper" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
Produced by NHB's digital team, it was budgeted in 2014 as part of the Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth's digital engagement strategy. It took seven months and cost about $400,000 to piece together. It is targeted at educators and the general public.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
The senior manager of NHB's digital team, Mr Shaun Wong, said the portal is one way to better showcase the historic gems under its care. For instance, the team wove an early 19th-century painting from Tanjore, South India, of a dhobi and his wife, into the write-up of the Sri Vairavimada Kaliamman temple.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
NHB's existing website, which draws about 300,000 views annually, will now be its corporate site.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
Overall, the board chalked up a digital reach of more than 3.07 million views across its digital platforms, including its museum websites and social platforms, last year.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
During the debate on the ministry's budget, Mr Chen Show Mao (Aljunied GRC) raised the importance of implementing heritage impact assessments. Minister Grace Fu said NHB adopts a "calibrated and sensitive approach" to balance heritage preservation and development needs. The assessment frameworks of several countries were studied but these were not fully applicable to Singapore, she added.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
"We have decided not to adopt such frameworks wholesale at this point of time, but to evolve an approach suited to our local context."</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
She also said NHB will be able to identify Singapore's heritage assets and better advise on their historical significance when the nationwide survey on the country's tangible heritage is done by mid-2017.</div>
<div class="ads clearleft" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: left !important; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; padding: 30px 0px 50px; text-align: center;">
<div class="dfp-tag-wrapper" id="dfp-ad-imu1-wrapper" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<div class="dfp-tag-wrapper" id="dfp-ad-imu1" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-58671757247895017492016-09-18T19:31:00.000-07:002016-09-18T19:31:02.737-07:00World's oldest fish hooks found in Japanese island cave<h1 class="story-body__h1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #1e1e1e; font-family: Helmet, Freesans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 2rem; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
World's oldest fish hooks found in Japanese island cave</h1>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="story-body__mini-info-list-and-share" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(219, 219, 219); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #404040; font-family: Helmet, Freesans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 0px 0px 16px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 645.328px;">
<div class="story-body__introduction" style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 28px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Archaeologists have found t<img alt="A pair of ancient fish hooks found in a cave in Japan" src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/660/cpsprodpb/FA1D/production/_91292046_6a71f635-3115-4b3d-ae99-72547933f992.jpg" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;" /><span style="font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.375;">he world's oldest fish hooks in a cave on the Japanese island of Okinawa.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 23px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The pair, dating from about 23,000 years ago, were carved from sea snail shells and found with other ancient relics, <a class="story-body__link-external" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/09/13/1607857113.abstract" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.298039); border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">according to a paper</a>.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
It is thought humans inhabited the island from at least 30,000 years ago, surviving despite scarce resources.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The findings suggest a wider use of advanced maritime technology in that era than previously thought.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Modern humans first moved to offshore islands some 50,000 years ago.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
While fishing has been essential for early humans to spread around the planet, it is unclear how the technology evolved, with evidence limited to sites in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
"The new evidence demonstrates a geographically wider distribution of early maritime technology that extended north to the mid-latitude areas along the western Pacific coast," according to the National Academy of Sciences.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The fish hooks predate ones found in Timor, thought to be at least 16,000 years old, and Papua New Guinea, from at least 18,000 years ago.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Also found in the cave were two partially carved fish hooks, tools, beads and food debris.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The paper's authors even suggest that those who visited the cave did so seasonally, when certain species of crab were at their "most delicious".</div>
<ul class="mini-info-list" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 16px 16px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li class="mini-info-list__item" style="border-right-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-right-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 0px; color: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2px 0.2em 2px 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></li>
</ul>
</div>
Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-7598870991115780202016-04-15T16:53:00.001-07:002016-04-15T17:03:43.867-07:0018th-century gravestones dug up near historic KL mosque<h1 class="headline node-title" itemprop="headline" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneWebSTTwenty, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 3.42857em; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 20px 0px 10px;">
<img alt="An old drawing of Masjid Jamek with the staircase used as a landing area for those arriving by sampan. - Photo used with permission of Malaysian Institute of Architects (PAM)" src="http://www.thestar.com.my/~/media/online/2014/10/27/23/35/masjid-jamek.ashx/?w=620&h=413&crop=1&hash=BE8F0CC9287717394DD3E4A0BFE7C468C5BEF4C6" /></h1>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #e5e5e2; color: #555555; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px;">An old drawing of Masjid Jamek with the staircase used as a landing area for those arriving by sampan. -Malaysian Institute of Architects (PAM)</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #e5e5e2; color: #555555; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
HISTORY has literally been dug up at the confluence of the two rivers that inspired the name of Malaysia’s capital Kuala Lumpur.</div>
<span id="innity-in-post" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px;"></span><br />
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
A staircase adjoining Masjid Jamek, long forgotten in the face of modernisation and development, has been unearthed after works for the River of Life project in the area commenced.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
At a glance, it seems a disconnected structure but further digging showed there was more to it than it seems.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
Malaysian Institute of Architects (PAM) heritage conservation committee member and architect Mariana Isa said the staircase was part of the original mosque design from more than a hundred years ago.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
“In all early photographs and drawings of the mosque, designed by Federated Malay States’ Public Works Department assistant architect A.B. Hubback, the staircase is featured quite prominently. The mosque was officially opened by Sultan of Selangor Sultan Alauddin Sulaiman Shah in 1909,” she said.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
The site had originally been a Malay cemetery that was relocated to Jalan Ampang in order to build the mosque.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
The mosque was built to cater to the growing population as well as to replace a nearby mosque that was demolished to make way for a road widening project.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
A perspective painting of the mosque that had been in the possession of Hubback’s grandson Dr Peter Barbor showed that the steps were imagined to be a place of human activity as well as a landing spot for <em>sampans</em>, an important mode of transport in the past.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
“It would not be impossible to believe that people would also perform their ablutions at the steps with the river water.’’</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
“It was not until other land transportation such as the train system began developing that the steps slowly started to disappear,” she said, adding that the mosque was built using funds collected among the Malays, the Sultan as well as the British government.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
In photos as early as the late 1930s, the river bank had been shored up and the lower half of the steps concealed under the soil.</div>
<div class="embeded-image inline-image-center" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #444444; display: table; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; height: auto; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<img alt="The recently unearthed steps adjoining Masjid Jamek leads to the discovery of lost history." src="http://www.thestar.com.my/~/media/online/2014/10/27/21/18/metd_pg3-leadpix_sheila_1.ashx?la=en" style="border: 0px; display: block; height: 412px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 620px; padding: 0px; width: 620px;" /><br />
<div class="inline-caption" style="background: 0px 50%; border: 0px; caption-side: bottom; color: #555555; display: table-caption; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px;">
The recently unearthed steps adjoining Masjid Jamek leads to the discovery of lost history.</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
The perimeter walls, originally designed to directly touch the water, was also half hidden behind a bank of soil.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
“It was around the time when the LRT was being built that the concrete river bank was built and with it the steps all but disappeared except a few at the very top,” said Mariana, who is also a committee member of the recently established Malaysia branch of non-governmental organisation International Council on Monuments and Sites.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
Mariana also said that the spot, a confluence between Sungai Gombak and Sungai Klang, had an earlier historical importance as the place the first settlers landed.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
DBKL Project Implementation and Maintenance deputy director-general Datuk Mohd Najib Mohd said they were excited with the discovery of the staircase.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
“It was unexpected and the plan has shifted a little to include it as part of the River of Life (RoL) rejuvenation plans in the area. This area already has quite a nostalgic air but this staircase can increase this value and also connect us to the city’s past,” he said.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
“The Malaysian Historical Society has been asked to help us study the steps. It is about 80% intact while the rest seems to have been damaged during a river deepening project many years ago.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
“We are looking into putting some kind of protective coating over the staircase to maintain it. Meanwhile, the contractors doing work near the staircase are not allowed to use machinery and are instead digging manually,” he said.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
</div>
<div class="embeded-image inline-image-center" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #444444; display: table; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; height: auto; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<img alt="Moghul architecture: Masjid Jamek, Kuala Lumpur’s oldest mosque at the confluence of the Klang and Gombak rivers. It was built in 1907 and officially opened by the Sultan of Selangor on Dec 23, 1909." src="http://www.thestar.com.my/~/media/online/2014/10/27/21/17/metd_pg2npix_sheila_1.ashx?la=en" style="border: 0px; display: block; height: 398px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 620px; padding: 0px; width: 620px;" /><br />
<div class="inline-caption" style="background: 0px 50%; border: 0px; caption-side: bottom; color: #555555; display: table-caption; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px;">
Moghul architecture: Masjid Jamek, Kuala Lumpur’s oldest mosque at the confluence of the Klang and Gombak rivers. It was built in 1907 and officially opened by the Sultan of Selangor on Dec 23, 1909.</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
Mariana said Masjid Jamek belonged to the people and nothing from the original design should be removed to retain its full historical value.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
“Not even a single pillar should be removed. I had been upset when some of the coconut trees that had been growing in the mosque’s compound were removed.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
“Coconut trees had been growing there even during the time the place was a cemetery. This place is like a time capsule that should be preserved as a whole,” she said, adding that it was the little things that made the place unique.”</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
“The mosque had been the identifying icon of Kuala Lumpur in the times before skyscrapers came about in the city.”</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
“It was replicated to represent Malaya during the British Empire Exhibition back in 1924. It even made it into an international architecture publication,” she said, adding that the site should belong to the people.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: normal; margin-bottom: 17px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px;">http://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2014/10/28/mosque-well-preserved-at-105-years-old/</span></span></div>
</div>
<h1 class="headline node-title" itemprop="headline" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneWebSTTwenty, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 3.42857em; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 20px 0px 10px;">
18th-century gravestones dug up near historic KL mosque</h1>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
KUALA LUMPUR • More than 45 gravestones that are believed to be from the early 18th century have been discovered at a construction site near the historic Jamek Mosque.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
These gravestones are mostly made of granite, with a few made of marble and sandstone, The Star newspaper reported yesterday.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
The writing was still legible on some of the gravestones, which date back nearly 200 years and were unearthed between December last year and last month, the report added. The mosque's head administrator Mohd Faisal Tan Mutalib said: "These are exciting discoveries. Our knowledge of the area's history is limited, but what we do know is that there was a Muslim graveyard here in the early 18th century."</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
He added: "It is not surprising to find old gravestones in this area. Some are quite grand and beautiful. They need to be documented."</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
The gravestones that have been recovered have been tagged and will be studied, although it is not clear which party will be in charge of this study.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
<span style="line-height: 27.1429px;">The construction works are part of the RM4.4 billion (S$1.5 billion) River of Life project announced in 2012 to turn the Klang River into a vibrant waterfront.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
The entire river is being cleaned up, and beautification and development works are being carried out along a 10.7km stretch in downtown Kuala Lumpur.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
The 108-year-old Jamek Mosque is also undergoing major upgrading works as part of the project.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
The area had been the centre of commercial activity as early as the 18th century, and was inhabited by early settlers who did tin mining work for a living.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
The Jamek Mosque area and its surroundings have been declared a National Heritage site by Malaysia's National Heritage Commission.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
Workers who are now building a water fountain at the site have been alerted to look out for more artefacts that may emerge, and to report any new findings to the commission.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
A consultant with construction firm Ekovest, one of the companies in charge of the River of Life project, said: "We have been finding all sorts of artefacts from the project site since late last year. First it was broken ceramic bowls, glasses, bottles, and pots."</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
"Some of the gravestones looked quite fancy, while others had Jawi scripts embossed on them," he added, referring to the Arabic alphabet which Malay was written in before it was romanised.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
THE STAR/ASIA NEWS NETWORK</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 50px;">
<br /></div>
<div class="ads clearleft" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: left !important; color: #333333; font-family: SelaneTen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 27.1429px; padding: 30px 0px 50px; text-align: center;">
<div class="dfp-tag-wrapper" id="dfp-ad-imu1-wrapper" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<div class="dfp-tag-wrapper" id="dfp-ad-imu1" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<div id="dfp-ad-imu1_ad_container" style="background-color: rgb(230, 234, 233) !important; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; padding: 10px;">
<ins style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-table; height: 250px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom; width: 300px;"></ins></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com29tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-71890056945315376862016-03-21T09:43:00.001-07:002016-03-21T09:44:55.208-07:00Teng Voon Kong Memorian Booklet Writeouts<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz5La1WxsnJP52dpJhkurS_XtRpxP8jfDGrK4vMheQ7BA_18W2e05t68ww_UPUQk-Y1qWLHqXjVrjg0HTVAkPqIXgM2JL4iCaLK7KSrsW-c0L6KPfGgOEEpLVDbAny-sP1WvjTmXeUyaU/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz5La1WxsnJP52dpJhkurS_XtRpxP8jfDGrK4vMheQ7BA_18W2e05t68ww_UPUQk-Y1qWLHqXjVrjg0HTVAkPqIXgM2JL4iCaLK7KSrsW-c0L6KPfGgOEEpLVDbAny-sP1WvjTmXeUyaU/s640/1.jpg" width="434" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjucAKqLM-WkqNUReZ_q0vwD5meVYt_JYGa-d_owpNv1o4r376jQ0xWnD1aKeu1sktBoFRO0-9-rydF-N6ZVBVNs9hai7yO0HDd68ad7SRxJTh0do4nKiY4CJjGbi16ehh9AgaWP-ZLjCQ/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjucAKqLM-WkqNUReZ_q0vwD5meVYt_JYGa-d_owpNv1o4r376jQ0xWnD1aKeu1sktBoFRO0-9-rydF-N6ZVBVNs9hai7yO0HDd68ad7SRxJTh0do4nKiY4CJjGbi16ehh9AgaWP-ZLjCQ/s640/2.jpg" width="416" /></a></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhrghozNWhjG3d6DT0s-KGq11VUR1LTeCx2mHJhOaSEYfuoJSLMKz1X66diN5NaBvEOA_J3yqVsl6ozlYKfJ9N_Vvx7paf87jjCoAsJZhxrWpVfVkUoQzFbgeC4NfrQ8aj8D4S8S1RwWo/s1600/Teng+Voon+Kong.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhrghozNWhjG3d6DT0s-KGq11VUR1LTeCx2mHJhOaSEYfuoJSLMKz1X66diN5NaBvEOA_J3yqVsl6ozlYKfJ9N_Vvx7paf87jjCoAsJZhxrWpVfVkUoQzFbgeC4NfrQ8aj8D4S8S1RwWo/s640/Teng+Voon+Kong.jpg" width="404" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Teng Voon Kong</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivXZMAnmat5ulfgBOhRJeUMWhnYrk7cxYkYmfvlkdI4P2Yt2js7qTc-q6lll367a94Huokal_qPUg_uBGKk2_0GzOl5vaxnSaX9XfV1rRqqtO0y675-vju26hiwn1huZKcf3KH-8z4ZEk/s1600/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivXZMAnmat5ulfgBOhRJeUMWhnYrk7cxYkYmfvlkdI4P2Yt2js7qTc-q6lll367a94Huokal_qPUg_uBGKk2_0GzOl5vaxnSaX9XfV1rRqqtO0y675-vju26hiwn1huZKcf3KH-8z4ZEk/s640/3.jpg" width="474" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaoj1uxkMvRZt6x6bbmc4NYi7UzPaHLTUk3MnusjTDoeiqWwhb0Uq23nBie4kkaVd56VOb9yFAbcXJUYNg5BFSqbx9uHX3T3ctMc0yJSvbb1u6TMGZZLEpkktImG-lXvc8euyqxOnHQLY/s1600/4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaoj1uxkMvRZt6x6bbmc4NYi7UzPaHLTUk3MnusjTDoeiqWwhb0Uq23nBie4kkaVd56VOb9yFAbcXJUYNg5BFSqbx9uHX3T3ctMc0yJSvbb1u6TMGZZLEpkktImG-lXvc8euyqxOnHQLY/s640/4.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFEwphQJJ18BhldZ1HOmfl9tHpht1zoqK7YQpyr3vkM0LTGIPZFPKfSjnq0YTyA1g3-nr4-2aSpJnBQnxZKX235nTeM97OEMtMN2rqDT7MNBJt-I8Bc80E_Vy7lheHd5b-pqEe-CBpAW8/s1600/5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFEwphQJJ18BhldZ1HOmfl9tHpht1zoqK7YQpyr3vkM0LTGIPZFPKfSjnq0YTyA1g3-nr4-2aSpJnBQnxZKX235nTeM97OEMtMN2rqDT7MNBJt-I8Bc80E_Vy7lheHd5b-pqEe-CBpAW8/s640/5.jpg" width="458" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis892KIONng5mOf9hrT0Nocija_HP7nUH3fo44_Fwmu1X445GpKy8EfDZduYysVexeNkxhX4W7NeNXvlCpkuCH856F-rmE2qWwyMtFDSr_ftFXpgzNusCY83Fr0p87pncWX2ztkInBrzM/s1600/6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis892KIONng5mOf9hrT0Nocija_HP7nUH3fo44_Fwmu1X445GpKy8EfDZduYysVexeNkxhX4W7NeNXvlCpkuCH856F-rmE2qWwyMtFDSr_ftFXpgzNusCY83Fr0p87pncWX2ztkInBrzM/s640/6.jpg" width="452" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgGqd4iTQuebSFNYzhe8gqbqjMmiT5D8v4euWC6OuOKaHuwSjOVOi94m_CsOKo0MVDU_Z-niRF8aefN9TkoW87KSnXqfkkH5Q55Du0hN-n-AYer9CZx0Qqw8z2ehls9l1mwqRSBt7eidU/s1600/7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgGqd4iTQuebSFNYzhe8gqbqjMmiT5D8v4euWC6OuOKaHuwSjOVOi94m_CsOKo0MVDU_Z-niRF8aefN9TkoW87KSnXqfkkH5Q55Du0hN-n-AYer9CZx0Qqw8z2ehls9l1mwqRSBt7eidU/s640/7.jpg" width="458" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKfxVEV-a-wdGNJXfDwimTsK2UzIP6WGshkhzW9i0Kjb4C6C3hCcV6wJfAguipuaaSbM2Yz22_IRMceWCsWetkJdxyaNei7x18yrpSFTpo8AS1jI0PbLGuK9vmsVjBfLJGHB_s5IDjWAk/s1600/8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKfxVEV-a-wdGNJXfDwimTsK2UzIP6WGshkhzW9i0Kjb4C6C3hCcV6wJfAguipuaaSbM2Yz22_IRMceWCsWetkJdxyaNei7x18yrpSFTpo8AS1jI0PbLGuK9vmsVjBfLJGHB_s5IDjWAk/s640/8.jpg" width="350" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYeZiosV4emwhwgQTGTWpzlfJg770Zipg2FhUHX-NP_2AXtNywNE1gZK3y9I76Tvz9PpFt8wCi6PyAzsmwfHeR_kmWZXNMe4jWgsiAGOjnlHiC9pwW2Ka4fCtcjKk71I464wDqa1psyEc/s1600/Ad+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYeZiosV4emwhwgQTGTWpzlfJg770Zipg2FhUHX-NP_2AXtNywNE1gZK3y9I76Tvz9PpFt8wCi6PyAzsmwfHeR_kmWZXNMe4jWgsiAGOjnlHiC9pwW2Ka4fCtcjKk71I464wDqa1psyEc/s640/Ad+2.jpg" width="462" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKfsIGzf868DGgBTeFF2UgKpHnjnO7pZr1MPBpQH2Hnobm65EMHksoBDjQ6dDwtpLafcqnK_g2q7d_09jCvMgi94xSv9pF1A-eJ4wT8uLl0R3KEszTJh7g83xmY9XHmGYNFgaZBUApuzA/s1600/Ad+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKfsIGzf868DGgBTeFF2UgKpHnjnO7pZr1MPBpQH2Hnobm65EMHksoBDjQ6dDwtpLafcqnK_g2q7d_09jCvMgi94xSv9pF1A-eJ4wT8uLl0R3KEszTJh7g83xmY9XHmGYNFgaZBUApuzA/s640/Ad+3.jpg" width="452" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJbcVmOuOIvnU09Yu1mTIqD1eZh5jb0m-58fXkEB7b3QSkuEBv_FqztZUUZpkXGSv0cu2DoS0sd3iwysb80VBoeO1mEKwv_QrVkMVDRe_4EzXOBEqyzk8_D2TxBP4d4H9ZJAK9ZtF9jGE/s1600/Ad+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJbcVmOuOIvnU09Yu1mTIqD1eZh5jb0m-58fXkEB7b3QSkuEBv_FqztZUUZpkXGSv0cu2DoS0sd3iwysb80VBoeO1mEKwv_QrVkMVDRe_4EzXOBEqyzk8_D2TxBP4d4H9ZJAK9ZtF9jGE/s640/Ad+4.jpg" width="428" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGjdlS4X1QoQXyiqVeGF7hIe-XcDYsg_eWxmaVzwXScS9SRtGHpgJBxj_0iPSFc5Gzwwlf3lz0pEtf-L1M_yhpPOhq-MEpCc8w7zgL97HYRpuYcTPbb97NCPPt4OvUL4WjUQwG5J8o7bQ/s1600/Ad+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGjdlS4X1QoQXyiqVeGF7hIe-XcDYsg_eWxmaVzwXScS9SRtGHpgJBxj_0iPSFc5Gzwwlf3lz0pEtf-L1M_yhpPOhq-MEpCc8w7zgL97HYRpuYcTPbb97NCPPt4OvUL4WjUQwG5J8o7bQ/s640/Ad+5.jpg" width="468" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ6IvynrHv2IPnfxnhzKvX4ICTmsiZQfYxwaTdlOj5Z-k3moYpDUWi1HeaJiiH8fiXYUBOpsWpZA6B_FE2OKPhd9bMrUlYxzNC5_SpuuJGL1fjNYSAdqlbkPPo75SqygYff2aO5GeijyM/s1600/Ad+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ6IvynrHv2IPnfxnhzKvX4ICTmsiZQfYxwaTdlOj5Z-k3moYpDUWi1HeaJiiH8fiXYUBOpsWpZA6B_FE2OKPhd9bMrUlYxzNC5_SpuuJGL1fjNYSAdqlbkPPo75SqygYff2aO5GeijyM/s640/Ad+6.jpg" width="532" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhat163026hKFXwKWcY2y4E2IKJGE8-qH4-ETtUL75_1OoSbLr2k7xUiQoimbnIVC-PWpckpfq5lsw_pd9-As22vATjlGTaUCo39qaeUS1CMOEchxgG086X7L2falkTCeA2GI6q0s98z10/s1600/Ad+7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhat163026hKFXwKWcY2y4E2IKJGE8-qH4-ETtUL75_1OoSbLr2k7xUiQoimbnIVC-PWpckpfq5lsw_pd9-As22vATjlGTaUCo39qaeUS1CMOEchxgG086X7L2falkTCeA2GI6q0s98z10/s640/Ad+7.jpg" width="452" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwK8gxgf-tdNXsixNwxf-D7XDIsZa2aJAdE2dXaHyIrOGYruS2N2eUpSyzT8lr8gfUZ57Ydy6FTjzV7X5DfLy_alxPj21ScXODacUMejZ28nBnFC53YjR2qb1BoCa_VhaRIwx-8dXGnwc/s1600/Ad+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwK8gxgf-tdNXsixNwxf-D7XDIsZa2aJAdE2dXaHyIrOGYruS2N2eUpSyzT8lr8gfUZ57Ydy6FTjzV7X5DfLy_alxPj21ScXODacUMejZ28nBnFC53YjR2qb1BoCa_VhaRIwx-8dXGnwc/s640/Ad+1.jpg" width="442" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXcAR86_s7cPiZE91BU9LCtDeBqqsK3LU4v18rjwxCRFUZttrzr4OLexCYAoKe5XxRERTdlHwSfKmrnYtyY6baqSqcg26doAcFyh1cY_pM8JeEuK2d50_KCftCDaSjjsJRLT2iofNKluQ/s1600/Ad+8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXcAR86_s7cPiZE91BU9LCtDeBqqsK3LU4v18rjwxCRFUZttrzr4OLexCYAoKe5XxRERTdlHwSfKmrnYtyY6baqSqcg26doAcFyh1cY_pM8JeEuK2d50_KCftCDaSjjsJRLT2iofNKluQ/s640/Ad+8.jpg" width="622" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-42797478621282020202016-03-21T09:33:00.001-07:002016-03-21T09:33:55.145-07:00Teng Voon Kong Funeral Procession and Other Photos<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span id="goog_1106942398"></span><span id="goog_1106942399"></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqdiBkXjFFj5FeDM58xLCGpvz8vgO8FskHtRvej-XoP44JUXKnUcWavgMfc9cfj7_J5-hzR7xF4mVLfNQnSpc2h2ffwNnwqV1uMhxrAdAmBIVnHeTkV9yp7vGJ5LYc2dju9CRC7fyq8nk/s1600/Front+Cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqdiBkXjFFj5FeDM58xLCGpvz8vgO8FskHtRvej-XoP44JUXKnUcWavgMfc9cfj7_J5-hzR7xF4mVLfNQnSpc2h2ffwNnwqV1uMhxrAdAmBIVnHeTkV9yp7vGJ5LYc2dju9CRC7fyq8nk/s320/Front+Cover.jpg" width="227" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC4pay3pn6Ad8gDxoFH4pResqELZCs9uLKG07hwNz13VL_rcrb-8Ym3m9ZL2_JReO1p2lRgDs0rTsFvVqVhM_YIkpNKi6AhrB1jERhQ3-yZ3MWYi0alrFdgZs7vD8OR5NjB_bZ3BdBssw/s1600/Inside+Back.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC4pay3pn6Ad8gDxoFH4pResqELZCs9uLKG07hwNz13VL_rcrb-8Ym3m9ZL2_JReO1p2lRgDs0rTsFvVqVhM_YIkpNKi6AhrB1jERhQ3-yZ3MWYi0alrFdgZs7vD8OR5NjB_bZ3BdBssw/s320/Inside+Back.jpg" width="217" /></a></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7hyphenhyphenA-k0RNkikLJVfQkphYz03PEPfAyqrGEkc8KAXeXe4llT3fpAZrbN0BJ_wM0BIgmDIuanTsUrhM5GJyyPlIPw6FjmSj73Ppwqr-fGT9welB44nLg_cjAArc-UGScKEvpzQrP6a5ZnU/s1600/1929+Gathering.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7hyphenhyphenA-k0RNkikLJVfQkphYz03PEPfAyqrGEkc8KAXeXe4llT3fpAZrbN0BJ_wM0BIgmDIuanTsUrhM5GJyyPlIPw6FjmSj73Ppwqr-fGT9welB44nLg_cjAArc-UGScKEvpzQrP6a5ZnU/s640/1929+Gathering.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1929 Gathering</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFInRX8BQR3JyZvOSFlMZ9HxrMI5qgGyNh60lj6ZdhNSHF4gKHRvD-OiFAbsENMk5QjdTxBOTZ1Ter1oOX1esOZxSvw0vXB0Y5Fb5Pjq-9xx-TJUlExtOOg5z4I_opyt5sZ1Si5hh4NlI/s1600/Funeral+Procession+1931.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFInRX8BQR3JyZvOSFlMZ9HxrMI5qgGyNh60lj6ZdhNSHF4gKHRvD-OiFAbsENMk5QjdTxBOTZ1Ter1oOX1esOZxSvw0vXB0Y5Fb5Pjq-9xx-TJUlExtOOg5z4I_opyt5sZ1Si5hh4NlI/s640/Funeral+Procession+1931.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1931 Funeral Procession<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>The following are photographs of the funeral for Teng Voon Kong in May 1956 published in a booklet (published in Sept 1956) </b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXQ9QRSUaovKmiZ-9xaQZmUXqhrxch1MajDxnN12RPVqlp16_WY_tY0Px6zLXHGR0GB0W9_9KAEiyUYYDvIEaHYA6xFUFpmsCxjbT07HZTd3uQ1-6WAMZAqIwVegQiCRnIqjbN4r53LCI/s1600/Teng+Voon+Kong+16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="372" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXQ9QRSUaovKmiZ-9xaQZmUXqhrxch1MajDxnN12RPVqlp16_WY_tY0Px6zLXHGR0GB0W9_9KAEiyUYYDvIEaHYA6xFUFpmsCxjbT07HZTd3uQ1-6WAMZAqIwVegQiCRnIqjbN4r53LCI/s640/Teng+Voon+Kong+16.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrm3bIXV4DJUKiti1HvfTEug7EEcS8GanM3etNjj5xWfIqCtM6evYdTEowSOJOmQDQvKA6tI5jYDqLi5DWDV8fNTFig86r8i4g6AA-AAcs9wwaUAvmkKSdVo3lCVfslPP2epK79IQWScU/s1600/Teng+Voon+Kong+17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="568" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrm3bIXV4DJUKiti1HvfTEug7EEcS8GanM3etNjj5xWfIqCtM6evYdTEowSOJOmQDQvKA6tI5jYDqLi5DWDV8fNTFig86r8i4g6AA-AAcs9wwaUAvmkKSdVo3lCVfslPP2epK79IQWScU/s640/Teng+Voon+Kong+17.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhojwH9vYHxqsL9KpxD56Zzr_74S5_63EIsjC9LSVcIPQhTSI8popBPYKHcMe0n7XDJeh-yfZGyZ_ID-Boh2pUg1isyKhoF45kJ1TYa8FtVBr7bFZr-2l5K1ZgiFV_xpJPzYu1WBWX_HsQ/s1600/Teng+Voon+Kong+19.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="618" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhojwH9vYHxqsL9KpxD56Zzr_74S5_63EIsjC9LSVcIPQhTSI8popBPYKHcMe0n7XDJeh-yfZGyZ_ID-Boh2pUg1isyKhoF45kJ1TYa8FtVBr7bFZr-2l5K1ZgiFV_xpJPzYu1WBWX_HsQ/s640/Teng+Voon+Kong+19.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg82VS2dMMU1tuL_jKOevFXviD3lp30Qgn4sjXk6p1JJnpEk9V-c5-3yedHk8xW_Y9-uMc0zZ1zLy0QprHCX9QEZTir23xzKRyQOsXzdpafeQf9-Zd6qJ6v7gNrNSB-ufIwXM4d9LG-FaQ/s1600/Teng+Voon+Kong+Coffin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg82VS2dMMU1tuL_jKOevFXviD3lp30Qgn4sjXk6p1JJnpEk9V-c5-3yedHk8xW_Y9-uMc0zZ1zLy0QprHCX9QEZTir23xzKRyQOsXzdpafeQf9-Zd6qJ6v7gNrNSB-ufIwXM4d9LG-FaQ/s640/Teng+Voon+Kong+Coffin.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCQm-zRzhl3ZHd90YHb7l7VZnmo8laGdP1m7htIH_N05y74pTHb_NapZH_Uyo8N1Om3ZnX8FosZ7evR7Qg5Wxkr1tlWzggvzlmUgYtE7229VSYxShFzfz1IYyq1oL9kqHXgT24Q1xi9Gw/s1600/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCQm-zRzhl3ZHd90YHb7l7VZnmo8laGdP1m7htIH_N05y74pTHb_NapZH_Uyo8N1Om3ZnX8FosZ7evR7Qg5Wxkr1tlWzggvzlmUgYtE7229VSYxShFzfz1IYyq1oL9kqHXgT24Q1xi9Gw/s640/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUdB47UiUKGbQCmHI9xXCZFDzkQyVB5i8bKqhIIzIDJhg3X-9da0FLmwpvibPUOVXVy53ZNl3bKsyC3Uo2MLYlMLCFtcYLODeYKdikLlmw4O0arAeqmJSR2rWeBSAjREZI3EBGTZZ3Auc/s1600/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="504" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUdB47UiUKGbQCmHI9xXCZFDzkQyVB5i8bKqhIIzIDJhg3X-9da0FLmwpvibPUOVXVy53ZNl3bKsyC3Uo2MLYlMLCFtcYLODeYKdikLlmw4O0arAeqmJSR2rWeBSAjREZI3EBGTZZ3Auc/s640/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg19-PGUhha9JYiXDbE_fxb0i9To_HcdK7bZJnNiebwMNRT-w87dDnK0b5VYv2A7fwFG5YmtDOqBoYXINiUhdchrTMwqj2Oxs80s4G3-EG6bqw9YYrPaeW8HXFR-hyqXhbnZicCqkjsplQ/s1600/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="604" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg19-PGUhha9JYiXDbE_fxb0i9To_HcdK7bZJnNiebwMNRT-w87dDnK0b5VYv2A7fwFG5YmtDOqBoYXINiUhdchrTMwqj2Oxs80s4G3-EG6bqw9YYrPaeW8HXFR-hyqXhbnZicCqkjsplQ/s640/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZRE7xnNSpnpWhRfuPGmJLg1Flgus8nsVmo23uaEZqo3LmiiW6AjOZZYtsySwmWwWY5eJhLdHzzX1KCPMwm8pZqe0VIM89TxrtUXiiW4oI-VXu_UBUxqB1aq6orzb3leOZl0MwGmLrpPA/s1600/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="608" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZRE7xnNSpnpWhRfuPGmJLg1Flgus8nsVmo23uaEZqo3LmiiW6AjOZZYtsySwmWwWY5eJhLdHzzX1KCPMwm8pZqe0VIM89TxrtUXiiW4oI-VXu_UBUxqB1aq6orzb3leOZl0MwGmLrpPA/s640/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+4.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoj56IuL0zConU23C7InIXmCDGm2uj18o32ZNrHa28r-Fcw0Up7i_fUfulUo_ZRrYu_d6nMilNMHYwlsju6MZOXRUak44K4iYygotcHi8EpFZ095kaasGl7f_FDqgJpwTZrL1maymQKdY/s1600/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="598" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoj56IuL0zConU23C7InIXmCDGm2uj18o32ZNrHa28r-Fcw0Up7i_fUfulUo_ZRrYu_d6nMilNMHYwlsju6MZOXRUak44K4iYygotcHi8EpFZ095kaasGl7f_FDqgJpwTZrL1maymQKdY/s640/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+5.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiEUCXJpQ6s3KDkV_WldOCUvjTQEJRWbwQkRqRbTYbolO4uYhXSGjMc0Tb1jq47kMJKBS-JCDAnCAhHSl_JeYU3ffyM__rpdaeMXcQ1iLNXIg4ccnlWuVmd-1_sbloC9n5UyDeyF2GvQM/s1600/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="476" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiEUCXJpQ6s3KDkV_WldOCUvjTQEJRWbwQkRqRbTYbolO4uYhXSGjMc0Tb1jq47kMJKBS-JCDAnCAhHSl_JeYU3ffyM__rpdaeMXcQ1iLNXIg4ccnlWuVmd-1_sbloC9n5UyDeyF2GvQM/s640/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+6.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisOunYMD1meuJnt0-vOg5__mG9vUn3VhtweJxLohAuCDhi0B0xzqpJxQRrOHV7D-p7V1gcYUvwXwgrCBTJqaKf_0FupM-yElGPTRcNiJurfCxN9qIBDd-XuJOnHDf9l3wunSYZ9vR06PI/s1600/Teng+voon+Kong+Frame+7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisOunYMD1meuJnt0-vOg5__mG9vUn3VhtweJxLohAuCDhi0B0xzqpJxQRrOHV7D-p7V1gcYUvwXwgrCBTJqaKf_0FupM-yElGPTRcNiJurfCxN9qIBDd-XuJOnHDf9l3wunSYZ9vR06PI/s640/Teng+voon+Kong+Frame+7.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimRukBuF6rmLCV_LWh63x5HBj7PGSwa9LW4H40bcbuiVfAXTo9b8tcEbC8W1-L6cVr213fLyzy9xsDrUr18vqcgzUZBAnJHtxNPCsk8doyTPOBVrgSs2dsfGcC-6S9UFx67zenAEHF0Mo/s1600/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimRukBuF6rmLCV_LWh63x5HBj7PGSwa9LW4H40bcbuiVfAXTo9b8tcEbC8W1-L6cVr213fLyzy9xsDrUr18vqcgzUZBAnJHtxNPCsk8doyTPOBVrgSs2dsfGcC-6S9UFx67zenAEHF0Mo/s640/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+8.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzKHgOCFYsiLX61rXhEQDAb7P3uYPO2BRFa0oAn1jp65BcRnYRj0ODcy6aeT5XqTuUvMohiobw54tRNqqACyZLAZ-_xg1VQFDohzvjAK_JCDp2ZfHEfZ2u8X8GAKPQBU-4dnHs1AhWo3U/s1600/Teng+Voon+kong+Frame+9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzKHgOCFYsiLX61rXhEQDAb7P3uYPO2BRFa0oAn1jp65BcRnYRj0ODcy6aeT5XqTuUvMohiobw54tRNqqACyZLAZ-_xg1VQFDohzvjAK_JCDp2ZfHEfZ2u8X8GAKPQBU-4dnHs1AhWo3U/s640/Teng+Voon+kong+Frame+9.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge90GaWGPk7eU0RjrkX_nPooO0GfDll4SZ03fECN_gza5rELz8l8bRcaki0f0uZ2Zp3rwhFEOZ-ioKe8scIjk75KmI2vj0szZLk6YA2O9OZac5yHogU9jfrkkZ1RQyd5zOPZNNtgsLgZ8/s1600/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge90GaWGPk7eU0RjrkX_nPooO0GfDll4SZ03fECN_gza5rELz8l8bRcaki0f0uZ2Zp3rwhFEOZ-ioKe8scIjk75KmI2vj0szZLk6YA2O9OZac5yHogU9jfrkkZ1RQyd5zOPZNNtgsLgZ8/s640/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+10.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNlG2db1bsGdAkUJAjh-E1cbx5tBIsL__QO-KcLiHlcD__d-_xjMCCZESb7KxrAqOqYPnOfm8K02s_mK6NrZfXtdDJVDJZdKj2Yw5bcG1UK1Ht8S0VQ8RcdBfH7uLaUjOdov5hYC68SJw/s1600/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="578" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNlG2db1bsGdAkUJAjh-E1cbx5tBIsL__QO-KcLiHlcD__d-_xjMCCZESb7KxrAqOqYPnOfm8K02s_mK6NrZfXtdDJVDJZdKj2Yw5bcG1UK1Ht8S0VQ8RcdBfH7uLaUjOdov5hYC68SJw/s640/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+11.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvEQjAFrGZdyah_wAWW00hslceiLfqIvrIm6P_Oh4SPw4VqYGUeS3oijklsF5lNwY3xV0vdQork2dHUj3U5KRuKawPCnFBCcbL1eKWz_-jQvYlQn0KZe8aNEqrXA2Y41_mzYKMlRubBhM/s1600/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvEQjAFrGZdyah_wAWW00hslceiLfqIvrIm6P_Oh4SPw4VqYGUeS3oijklsF5lNwY3xV0vdQork2dHUj3U5KRuKawPCnFBCcbL1eKWz_-jQvYlQn0KZe8aNEqrXA2Y41_mzYKMlRubBhM/s640/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+12.jpg" width="624" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigeiQHToUVPPRs7hnhq3omeSLBBw7TXyBgTgI8NbeveE15iYiNvoF9-8BcdfCtw5qvjUV_pkKRFvsHJ16udNuia5100RwZMB0zPQEWQ53ydPoDWUIKOpxyVL0JtJnrVIHae826AXgqFeA/s1600/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigeiQHToUVPPRs7hnhq3omeSLBBw7TXyBgTgI8NbeveE15iYiNvoF9-8BcdfCtw5qvjUV_pkKRFvsHJ16udNuia5100RwZMB0zPQEWQ53ydPoDWUIKOpxyVL0JtJnrVIHae826AXgqFeA/s640/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+13.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtHRHBCKeBt1wPfvmBa_M_QJ1J5_1g3w3B23Z5sKgpC9CYu_M3PCRC3LUx3CpUhHTaPi0BHu5UQxDBwHpVKAZQ6DC537dhpXZZb-PIP7n6duAAJb1frY-H47R9-OwlVWUL8dn-2FK-Yyg/s1600/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtHRHBCKeBt1wPfvmBa_M_QJ1J5_1g3w3B23Z5sKgpC9CYu_M3PCRC3LUx3CpUhHTaPi0BHu5UQxDBwHpVKAZQ6DC537dhpXZZb-PIP7n6duAAJb1frY-H47R9-OwlVWUL8dn-2FK-Yyg/s640/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+14.jpg" width="602" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBe66m8kuD8hKB2Y1qfPzkNDgTniEvSHsY985gHL0LrJbN_zC32_Qb8j-TiJtUamEBSBVt_RAxa0hQyZDXobuRppS56v5hqk4QZYkf-FirHtW_ADawoIEPhgHZJ89iOLSxPZeSQuQ3P1U/s1600/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="550" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBe66m8kuD8hKB2Y1qfPzkNDgTniEvSHsY985gHL0LrJbN_zC32_Qb8j-TiJtUamEBSBVt_RAxa0hQyZDXobuRppS56v5hqk4QZYkf-FirHtW_ADawoIEPhgHZJ89iOLSxPZeSQuQ3P1U/s640/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+15.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxu2kYWCL44lLcJ1OXe1kdN0gcB3mBQy8A1oBCEnUBEwjW04SInsflyoRbC9LRxmnSwx0__ukDTzCowiNO8Grnmj7IMUovt9xVoXdeIyaZIgFGCfXOksDtmNF4rrxSKIE4FEdKqSHfe1I/s1600/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="528" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxu2kYWCL44lLcJ1OXe1kdN0gcB3mBQy8A1oBCEnUBEwjW04SInsflyoRbC9LRxmnSwx0__ukDTzCowiNO8Grnmj7IMUovt9xVoXdeIyaZIgFGCfXOksDtmNF4rrxSKIE4FEdKqSHfe1I/s640/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+16.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3nbL-ReY9qixzxQJ5YW_effteHMKP3pgage1qu-JIrmzf3EaJhyphenhyphenaFASqMsvoLaytsrtPaYBzqQy2cCtaTYUhF4vPCwfmqJtrco9oEuG2f9Ik0v42I8vfCd5gMTtCq7NRBF9_AZ7uzjSo/s1600/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="558" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3nbL-ReY9qixzxQJ5YW_effteHMKP3pgage1qu-JIrmzf3EaJhyphenhyphenaFASqMsvoLaytsrtPaYBzqQy2cCtaTYUhF4vPCwfmqJtrco9oEuG2f9Ik0v42I8vfCd5gMTtCq7NRBF9_AZ7uzjSo/s640/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+17.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhalcEPOgU-TGrpJtGS7_xCMOdDwT71hU3tdLOfgh8bvDgLwrm4o0ykhoVWdf1HTNXTEZ7O3WOVGddH_7inNpS-OFQO5gYFP1ROMfsGp4b6zFEdAy1dpj7IPcwx_BpP1o07WBlEN5yTmJg/s1600/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+18.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhalcEPOgU-TGrpJtGS7_xCMOdDwT71hU3tdLOfgh8bvDgLwrm4o0ykhoVWdf1HTNXTEZ7O3WOVGddH_7inNpS-OFQO5gYFP1ROMfsGp4b6zFEdAy1dpj7IPcwx_BpP1o07WBlEN5yTmJg/s640/Teng+Voon+Kong+Frame+18.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzRK-ie019L0YTRSmbWa_hKktqWQW7IK8UILk1-pTxJHd-ZiV8qor5gbySQg5VakrEW8-NN7Ns33blYfHgonSqzyuWEgT4VzBcmNfzF9xreI9T06oIVE2iaNaKTIqoX21ZCCCIG6GoOj0/s1600/Teng+Voon+Kong+Funeral+Procession.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzRK-ie019L0YTRSmbWa_hKktqWQW7IK8UILk1-pTxJHd-ZiV8qor5gbySQg5VakrEW8-NN7Ns33blYfHgonSqzyuWEgT4VzBcmNfzF9xreI9T06oIVE2iaNaKTIqoX21ZCCCIG6GoOj0/s640/Teng+Voon+Kong+Funeral+Procession.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-64142142278990605372016-03-21T07:57:00.002-07:002016-03-21T09:16:57.516-07:00Teng Voon Kong: Will and Life Story (12 Aug 1880 - 10 May 1956)I am named JOO FAT and VOON KONG. I was born in China, Kwangtung Province, Tai Pu District, North Section of the New Village there. I was born in the year of the Reign of the Emperor Kwong Sui (Guangxu), Chinese Year Ken Sin, on the seventh day of the seventh moon at Chi hour (about 12 o'clock), that is, in A.D. 1880.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1hzw3whA0yZvyw1qsa6Q1b8g_8bemvroadsViULzqAIvw_uRSwHT3XUC8CBBrYGowLg62_4ErK-7afLJZm_BgqP7XWqhvnuUf7DPSD_EYUGKjxmOJbwYnKSe_hVsMg6aWrBADJ2zWCVU/s1600/Teng+Voon+Kong+Name.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="82" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1hzw3whA0yZvyw1qsa6Q1b8g_8bemvroadsViULzqAIvw_uRSwHT3XUC8CBBrYGowLg62_4ErK-7afLJZm_BgqP7XWqhvnuUf7DPSD_EYUGKjxmOJbwYnKSe_hVsMg6aWrBADJ2zWCVU/s320/Teng+Voon+Kong+Name.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMMqsXsGeiDqDiJcNe0mqDd7ikFdecPsaFN3t3VVyzyNO4-0zLoPRLCrWh5alwVy-7HEaHhzgPO3aVRtzKtiIEnXYPQHSW3MCYk_YDkSGbPlgTtGHugziBIyASqBwKYmw4L6DP2gdlozA/s1600/Teng+Voon+Kong.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMMqsXsGeiDqDiJcNe0mqDd7ikFdecPsaFN3t3VVyzyNO4-0zLoPRLCrWh5alwVy-7HEaHhzgPO3aVRtzKtiIEnXYPQHSW3MCYk_YDkSGbPlgTtGHugziBIyASqBwKYmw4L6DP2gdlozA/s640/Teng+Voon+Kong.jpg" width="404" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<b>The Teng Family of Tai Pu</b><br />
<br />
The Teng family had been living in the New Village of Tai Pu for more than six hundred years, and I am already in the twenty-first generation, so long is our history. In feudal times of the past, there was a Lu Min Chi (Clan House) built and a family record was made of the ancestors of our surname.<br />
<br />
My grandfather Kguk Kwei of the nineteenth generation was a farmer. When the overseas routes were open, many from our village went abroad to find a living, and (my) grandfather allowed my father, Shin Wong, to ome south to earn a living in Singapore where he underwent many sufferings. After several years, he (my father) established the Toong Shin Blacksmith Shop in Singapore.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3CBYgX0zBC1_oDc2twaKi99G8n9_-b61QieElJ2mjq7CqthkDw6IZ8ggqHS9KJmHoF5S8FDf1ggeQgmEyvESmoOIK6kAvm1qCTsDYOHMOFrh3YrQnMSADuP1vraykXVeI0E0AdyiJ_7I/s1600/Shin+Wong+%2528Teng+Voon+Kong+father%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3CBYgX0zBC1_oDc2twaKi99G8n9_-b61QieElJ2mjq7CqthkDw6IZ8ggqHS9KJmHoF5S8FDf1ggeQgmEyvESmoOIK6kAvm1qCTsDYOHMOFrh3YrQnMSADuP1vraykXVeI0E0AdyiJ_7I/s640/Shin+Wong+%2528Teng+Voon+Kong+father%2529.jpg" width="468" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
Shin Wong</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAGUW2xVdGl97vbBsqiuztNiMtv9aJSjpWofBlle3t-qNMWiMpol-Nvyq5zKn7DZOGHPlYOXe6goQG8jC2mpMHivzzWjIb4Ko5Q9On_G_-2BFGsgQJ_B7U5ErrRtnlXrOLEbQzgYvhkWw/s1600/Shing+Wong+Grave.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAGUW2xVdGl97vbBsqiuztNiMtv9aJSjpWofBlle3t-qNMWiMpol-Nvyq5zKn7DZOGHPlYOXe6goQG8jC2mpMHivzzWjIb4Ko5Q9On_G_-2BFGsgQJ_B7U5ErrRtnlXrOLEbQzgYvhkWw/s640/Shing+Wong+Grave.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<b>The Teng Family in Singapore</b><br />
<br />
In Wang Sui Wei Chi Year in summer, that is in A.D. 1892, when I was fourteen years old, I received instructions from my father to accompany my mother, Nee Chai, to come south to Singapore so that the family could be together. When I first arrived in Singapore, because of the climate in the tropics, I was suddenly infected with a fevver that was with me for half a year. I was in a serious condition. My parents were very anxious and grieved, ut could do nothing. Fortunately, an old Chinese physician, Chou Mui Chun, treated me and unexpectedly I recovered as soon as I took his medicin, regaining my original health gradually; my parents were very happy. When I was fifteen years old, I entered (into) a private old type school for three years.<br />
<br />
<b>Travelling Between Singapore and China</b><br />
<br />
When I was eighteen, I returned to China in (the) winter (of A,D. 1898). In spring the following year, I married Lai Chong Neong and remained at home (in China) for two years.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0UqcIFABdOlalwZd9U6p69s628WxhIA3IMUPPDYXWUOf-miv4kwLrA7N26oslruEqoC8vxveBl0xuHTSzAR0qMK3x2M9aFj26c6J_c-eO2O4Iccnp-Qk66AwpQ38E_lYs1ucQS2SdswQ/s1600/Wife+3+name.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0UqcIFABdOlalwZd9U6p69s628WxhIA3IMUPPDYXWUOf-miv4kwLrA7N26oslruEqoC8vxveBl0xuHTSzAR0qMK3x2M9aFj26c6J_c-eO2O4Iccnp-Qk66AwpQ38E_lYs1ucQS2SdswQ/s200/Wife+3+name.jpg" width="66" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
In Kee Hoi Year, that is A.D. 1899, I had my second son Sook Kin.<br />
<br />
In Sin Chiu Year, that is in A.D. 1901, I came south to learn about the fruit and sweet meat (provision shop) business.<br />
<br />
In Kin Yien Year in summer, I followed my father back to the village to visit my grandfather. My father returned south first because of his business, and I remand behind to look after my grandfather.<br />
<br />
In Kwei Meu Year, that is 1903, I had my third son, Sook Kam.<br />
<br />
In autumn of 1903, I suddenly receive the bad news of my father's death and I had to leave my grandfather to return south to take over and continue my late father's business.<br />
<br />
In Pin Ng Year in winter, I also received the bad news of the death of my 89 year-old grandfather at home in the village. I immediately went north for the burial <br />
<br />
In the Ting Wei Year in spring, I returned south again and thereafter I was tied up with my business and had no opportunity to return to the village. I then told my wife, Madam Lai, to come with my three sons to Singapore.<br />
<br />
In Yim Chi Year, that is in A.D. 1912, I obtained (had)) my fourth son, Sook Chio (Ling Siong).<br />
<br />
In Kwei Chui Year, that is A.D. 1913, I obtained my fifth son, Soon Nyien (Foong Siong). Unfortunately my oldest son, Sook Kien, suddenly died of illness. My wife, Madam Lai, was aggrieved by this event and went to seek advice of the gods, with the result that the idea of a second marriage came to me.<br />
<br />
<b>Second marriage and 'the evening years of my life'</b><br />
<br />
In Kap Yien Year in winter, I married Chong Swee Neong as my second wife. From then on, the family was peaceful and we lived together without any difference in rank.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOsIm48H7vAXSJlkqLTG2neSqxkR_7bjWL2n7hSW5hSS9asBwxDnEo7hpU8gWxdlJ16gemXOyjYhDm5p6do08Vr-i-wVSl9gt-v22IhzD-wH3XJRczJQqO5qC5uYKPdZrPHSNCp1uUSZs/s1600/Wife+2+name.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="90" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOsIm48H7vAXSJlkqLTG2neSqxkR_7bjWL2n7hSW5hSS9asBwxDnEo7hpU8gWxdlJ16gemXOyjYhDm5p6do08Vr-i-wVSl9gt-v22IhzD-wH3XJRczJQqO5qC5uYKPdZrPHSNCp1uUSZs/s320/Wife+2+name.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr2r6ndPHVfLN4KB4LRij8-Hj36Qgu33a-Nueg32_HcPi41OfNk2WAkREjxr5ngo1WDWdPDjO5tYp1iGCNjRDKhY8FRuezbqiT3nPXqAt2maw3ZSGsSoiELxyjAnBI4ayTQUeyFzefc3g/s1600/Wife+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr2r6ndPHVfLN4KB4LRij8-Hj36Qgu33a-Nueg32_HcPi41OfNk2WAkREjxr5ngo1WDWdPDjO5tYp1iGCNjRDKhY8FRuezbqiT3nPXqAt2maw3ZSGsSoiELxyjAnBI4ayTQUeyFzefc3g/s640/Wife+2.jpg" width="489" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
In Nget Meu Year, that is A.D. 1915, Madam Chong gave me my sixth son, Sook Kye (Sin Min).<br />
<br />
In Ken Shin Year, that is in A.D. 1920, I got my seventh son, Sook Fah.<br />
<br />
In Meu Sin Year, A.D. 1928, I had my eighth son, Sook Fay, who died early.<br />
<br />
In Keng Ng Year, A.D. 1930, I had my ninth son, Sook Yan (Min). One of my sons was given in adoption to the Lu family and named Chin Kiat.<br />
<br />
Two daughters were born to me. The elder, Li Hoon, was iven in adoption to the Tan family. She married Chow Eng Cheong; the second, Soon Poh, was married to Chia Hock Shi. From then on, I went through many difficulties to bring up my group of childre, but fortunately all of them are grown up, have their own families, and have something to depend on for their living. My regret, however, is that Heaven did not favour me. My two wives Madam Lai and Madam Chong died one following the other. I then married Sim Cheng Neo to pass the evening years of my life.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkZU_oqcfA6GFjHSOPfLhm7ldSDWDIylil446B-uOjUrwFbLcEYLFFr4D9zWVWoActw83oW5QZmjOyrnE76Yl7NH4PMSGLlacpX_HvpYbou9nUbrYBu4FzRMVc6xGM0SyQS3AskPlQV8k/s1600/Wife+1+name.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="94" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkZU_oqcfA6GFjHSOPfLhm7ldSDWDIylil446B-uOjUrwFbLcEYLFFr4D9zWVWoActw83oW5QZmjOyrnE76Yl7NH4PMSGLlacpX_HvpYbou9nUbrYBu4FzRMVc6xGM0SyQS3AskPlQV8k/s320/Wife+1+name.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmGzqkjMz-27DI9w6M0D_LsiyPUq3WYgkyA_WnWq-y3kS5KZtXnF3359RKKGLKRly5lN7_aZ5fhJVEcW8RFaaP9YCuO1CfJO83LFmEh8tWlQMsOMk0JuKzHMN1nve8NqjWeE3CAvGqAC4/s1600/Wife+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmGzqkjMz-27DI9w6M0D_LsiyPUq3WYgkyA_WnWq-y3kS5KZtXnF3359RKKGLKRly5lN7_aZ5fhJVEcW8RFaaP9YCuO1CfJO83LFmEh8tWlQMsOMk0JuKzHMN1nve8NqjWeE3CAvGqAC4/s640/Wife+1.jpg" width="410" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<b>Family Lineage</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
My parents had three sons, the eldest, Choon Fatt, the second Chin Fatt. Both elder brothers also have many children and grandchildren. They each have their families and means of living. I am the third in my family, and I have four generations of descendants with more than sixty male and female grandchildren and great grandchildren, which is in fact of some consolation to me.<br />
<br />
<b>My Regret and Contributions</b><br />
<br />
My regret is that during my life, I have had no great ambitions and have made no great contributions to society, but I have always done my utmost to work sincerely for organisations that benefit Overseas Chinese. In the past, through the love and respect of my clansmen, I have been on the Board of Directors of the Khek Community Guild, the Char Yong Association, the Khee Fatt Chinese School, the Fui Choon Hospital, the Khiaw Sin People's School, The Char Yong Li Chi Sar, the Smithy Association, the Teng Clan Association, etc. But now, I have resigned (from those positions) because of age. With regards to (the) benevolent activities in our native village, I have neither heard nor asked about matters there and know little of conditions there, because I have been away from home for many years.<br />
<br />
Later, in the 35th year of the Republic (of) China (1946), I received a letter from the elders of the Ng and Teng Clans in our village saying that they intended to build a New Village Public School, and appointed me as the person responsible for collecting donations overseas. I was to appeal to clansmen in Singapore and the Federation for funds. The result was quite satisfactory and I remitted the whole sum collected back to the village, thus fulfilling my duties in a small way towards the building up of our village.<br />
<br />
In the 36th year of the republic of China (1947), when the Tai Poo North Middle School of our village wanted to erect new school buildings, a special emissary was sent south to collect funds. As my financial means were limited, I offered only $500/= (Straits currency). But because of my regard for education, I did what little I could by going everywhere with the emissary to ask for donations. It was a great success and the buildings were erected.<br />
<br />
In A.D. 1950, I received a letter from a nephew in the village asking me to help to repair our clan house, which had been in disrepair for many years. As I could find no other means, I contributed more than $2,000.00 (Straits dollars) and the repairs were completed. The relatives in the village, having no other means to replay me in gratitude, asked for my photograph to be hung up in the hall as remembrance.<br />
<br />
Following this, the teachers and students of Tai Poo North Middle School have sent to me a congratulatory verse and birthday greetings every birthday (I have), because of the love of my clansmen. I feel ashamed to receive such tokens of friendship and deep sentiments.<br />
<br />
<b>Looking Back</b><br />
<br />
I have come from China and have benefited from its thousands of years of great culture and tradition, and I have never forgotten by country. In fact, so great is our country and so excellent is the culture of the Chinese nation that all descendants of this great Chinese nation should preserve and develop this culture as a matter of duty.<br />
<br />
I am now old and will certainly die in a foreign land. I will not have an opportunity to see my native land again. At present, Malay and Singapore are also fighting for self-government and independence and to build its own nation. Undoubtedly, my children and descendants will also become citizens of Malaya. Because of their livelihood and external circumstances, this is only a natural situation. But I do not wish (for) my children to forget the culture and traditions of the Chinese race.<br />
<br />
According to Chinese tradition and moral teaching, we have to think of the "root of trees and source of water". I wish that my children and descendants will remember this well. In future, whatever forms of livelihood my children and descendants may take, they must preserve and develop the splendid traditions and culture of the Chinese race to be worthy of being included among the descendants of myself, Teng Voon Kong. This is my desire.<br />
<br />
My ninth son, Sook Yan (Min) was born in Singapore. At the end of 1950, he was repatriated, on his own request, to China by the Colonial Govt. for his anti-Colonialism activities. He is now . He is now living in the City of Chengchow, Honan Province, renering serice to his motherland. It is unlikely that he will ever return to Malaya and therefore must establish his occupation there. I am extremely glad to note that a member of my descendants (my son) is taking part in the progress and development of our country. I earnestly desire that my children and descendants residing in Malaya will have closer contact with him so that future generation(s) of (my) descendants will have no difficulty in tracing the origin of our ancestry.<br />
<br />
Written in my own handwriting<br />
at residence in Singapore<br />
<br />
TENG VOON KONG<br />
(Signed and Sealed)<br />
<br />
KYE/-<br />
<br />
<u>NOTE: </u>This work was completed by the author one week before his death on 10th May 1956.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-15285504228347936542016-03-01T19:43:00.000-08:002019-10-13T17:23:25.340-07:00The Keramat Iskandar Shah of Bukit Larangan<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSuaYPWlHMJrV48rPOWRtfWGW8uxAV8UXGm0EsIxjnuSyvJjIC_oykdeZMbqd9v_sUh7keDfpEsBmjsqGkQ6FgYn4HO7yCDtkA9DJbSVQLiCl5MoQ8YWXOGKDtbGaD2X7mMalnTY00HiE/s1600/keramat_1950s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSuaYPWlHMJrV48rPOWRtfWGW8uxAV8UXGm0EsIxjnuSyvJjIC_oykdeZMbqd9v_sUh7keDfpEsBmjsqGkQ6FgYn4HO7yCDtkA9DJbSVQLiCl5MoQ8YWXOGKDtbGaD2X7mMalnTY00HiE/s640/keramat_1950s.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Keramat at Bukit Larangan in the 1950s</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjORF8t0RvxslUkEVt1ZzAzrHFWsFx48a_27csI2RkJgvD4184DkvC0-IPyONi8WZks-0MXEBJ_NDMnf_ew2RMgC7T7dUmgYFCdMyOWvW2AobADi6uzBmH3s_JKU4Tstalos897KjknKS8/s1600/Keramat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjORF8t0RvxslUkEVt1ZzAzrHFWsFx48a_27csI2RkJgvD4184DkvC0-IPyONi8WZks-0MXEBJ_NDMnf_ew2RMgC7T7dUmgYFCdMyOWvW2AobADi6uzBmH3s_JKU4Tstalos897KjknKS8/s640/Keramat.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE7b4Qri3Wq0ZfJbq6tcaRDcAJ4CInJxC80ci8SYZZkmLl6YaUq6POsFEiU4ZoPjVXscEQfyqEvyqoMV9CFakVxLC6YdVyt7SYm3hHXcpWsaVfHTlOaipeGA_Xs5L7YkqrIEQGB1rhiBU/s1600/keramat+panjang+at+ring+road.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE7b4Qri3Wq0ZfJbq6tcaRDcAJ4CInJxC80ci8SYZZkmLl6YaUq6POsFEiU4ZoPjVXscEQfyqEvyqoMV9CFakVxLC6YdVyt7SYm3hHXcpWsaVfHTlOaipeGA_Xs5L7YkqrIEQGB1rhiBU/s640/keramat+panjang+at+ring+road.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Keramat at Ring Road in Singapore. There were more than 50 of such sites in the 1920s</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvZq_PFuep0cXtRH5r_mijWG6iUp8jOjdDKxJ1ebGWifJwTIz3M36Y3B0HNufO_di-xGitrV9SXaxfWK5_C_DHBSvl4ET2kFPOcvDPJRaUzoOQHRcmkzM9yCXoH5O8M40YbV9_QVQs3og/s1600/keramat+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvZq_PFuep0cXtRH5r_mijWG6iUp8jOjdDKxJ1ebGWifJwTIz3M36Y3B0HNufO_di-xGitrV9SXaxfWK5_C_DHBSvl4ET2kFPOcvDPJRaUzoOQHRcmkzM9yCXoH5O8M40YbV9_QVQs3og/s640/keramat+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Keramat Today</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<strong><br />
</strong> <strong><br />
</strong> <strong><br />
</strong> <strong>1. Legend from the Sejarah Melayu (15th to 16th century)</strong><br />
<strong><br />
</strong> The Sejarah Melayu was a Malay piece of literature collated and written between the 15th to 16th century. It gives a romanticised history of the origin, development and end of the Malay maritime empire, the Malacca Sultanate. There are many legends in the book.<br />
<br />
In the book, it says that Sri Tri Buana and his loyal chief Demang Lebar Daun (leader of the Oran Laut) founded Singapura. Both of them were said to have been buried on the hill of Singapore. Sri Tri Buana's mother, the Queen of Bintan, was also another person whose tomb was supposed to be on the hill.<br />
<br />
<strong>2. The Writings of Munshi Abdullah / </strong><b>Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir</b> <strong>(1796–1854)</strong><br />
<br />
He was a famous Malacca-born Indian mushi who wrote about Singapore. He was Raffles' Malay teacher and wrote a book called the <em>Hikayat Abdullah </em>in 1843, later published in 1849. In the book , Abdullah recalls a onversation he heard between Col William Farquhar and the Temenggong Tengku Abdul Rahman (the local official who controlled Singapore on behalf of the Johore Riau Sultanate). The Tengku said that the hill was the site of an ancient palace. Common people were not allowed to go up the hill. It was seen as a place with great mystery because of strange sounds that came from there. The locals believed that there were ghosts there and this belief went on right into the 1920s.<br />
<br />
<strong>3. The Writings of Diplomat John Crawfurd (1821)</strong><br />
<strong><br />
</strong> John Crawfurd visited Singapore in February 3, 1821while on a diplomatic mission to Siam and Cochin China (south Vietnam). While taking a morning stroll, he describe his description of the place which was published in London in 1828. He described the hill as running and western sides of the hill as being covered with brick ruins. The only ruin which can be determined today is the Keramat Iskandar Shah (1). <br />
<br />
Crawfurd wrote that on the hill was "a sepulcher (tomb), and a supposed temple". He was also told that on another part of the hill was the grave site of a "ruler" but he did not describe it.<br />
<br />
<strong>4. Other Description of events on Bukit Larangan (1820s)</strong><br />
<strong><br />
</strong> Raffles built his bungalow on top of Bukit Larangan. The British did not disturb the Keramat or build anything in its vicinity. It is quite possible that the place was a center of religious activity for all races. For example, in Buckley's account, he writes that Raffles' sleep was disturbed by Chinese people letting off fire crackers there. (Buckley 1965:96).<br />
<br />
<strong>5. The Visit of Dutch Scholar G.P. Rouaffaer (1909)</strong><br />
<br />
In 1921, a Dutch scholar, G.P. Roaffaer visited the site and described the Keramat in greater detail. He said that he found a dome which was very similar to tombs which he had seen in south Sulawesi. He said that such designs are from the 17th century. There was no inscription to identify who was in the tomb. (2)<br />
<br />
<strong>6. Gold items found near the Keramat (1928)</strong><br />
<strong><br />
</strong> The gold objects found on Bukit Larangan were found a few metres from the Keramat. The site of the 1928 discovery lies inside a fence surrounding the service reservoir on top of Fort Canning hill. The exact spot is marked by a small concrete block structure.<br />
<br />
<strong>7. First photograph of the Keramat from Sir Roland Braddell (1950s)</strong><br />
<br />
In the 1950s, a well-known lawyer in the region, Sir Roland Braddell (also the grandson Thomas Braddell, the first Attorney-General of the Straits Settlements) published the first photograph of the Keramat which was taken in the early 20th century. The photograph was captioned "the tomb of Iskandar Shah, Singapore". The photograph showed a wooden bridge across a moat. Across the bridge was a low square-roofed structure which was supported by a set of pillars. (3)<br />
<br />
<strong>8. Keramat in anthropology</strong><br />
<strong><br />
</strong> The idea about keramat and tomb has led to much confusion today. These two words mean different things and have overlapping aspects. The word keramat comes from Arabic word <em>karamah, </em>which refers to a close friend of God or a holy person. It does not necessarily mean a tomb or resting place for a perosn.<br />
<br />
As such, keramat carries the idea that something is blessed or holy. These places may be linked to holy and devout Muslims who are respected and revered throughout the Islamic world. It could be a person's grave, a place where they once lived or a site where where they meditated. Such places eventually became centres of pilgrimage. People visit such holy sites as a form of respect and worship. Some believe that venerating at such places would enable them to have a fuller understanding of the divine.<br />
<br />
In 1924, Walter W. Skeat, an English anthropologist, wrote about the <em>keramat </em>in his book titled <em>Malay Magic </em>printed in 1900.<br />
<br />
Another writer, Richard Windstedt, a British administrator in Malaya recorded some 50 keramat sites related to holy personages in his study in 1924.<br />
<br />
At the time, it is also important to note that there different forms of Islam may have led to some confusion over the term keramat. One popular aspect of Islam was Sufi Islam or Islamic mysticism. Sufi Islam played an important role in establishing keramats as holy sites of pilgrimage and embedding Islam as a popular religion in Southeast Asia. Sufi Islam absorbed local beliefs, customs and practices into a kind of spiritual worship. In Southeast Asia, these included earlier Hindu and Buddhist practices and beliefs which were absorbed into Sufi Islam.<br />
<br />
<strong>9. Was the Keramat the real tomb of Iskandar Shah? </strong><br />
<strong><br />
</strong> The Sejarah Melayu says that Parameswara coverted his name to Iskandar Shah after he converted to Islam later in his life after 1402. Chronologically, this would not have coincided with his stay in Singapore.<br />
<br />
Parameswara died around 1412 or 1413 and his successor reigned for 10 years. His succesor doe snot seem to have been converted to Islam but his grandson, the third ruler of Melaka, Mahmud Shah, who may have been born in Singapore between 1392 and 1397, coverted to Islam in 1436. This conversion may have formed the core of the Sejarah Melayu and the reason why it was written as a genealogy of Malay rulers. (4)<br />
<br />
According to Tome Pires, a Portuguese writer, Islandar Shah died at Bertam, in Melaka. Another Portuguese writer, Manuel Godinho de Erédia wrote that Paramewara's tomb was still visible in the 16th century at Tanjong Tuan,in the Alor Gajah district of Melaka ( The Portuguese called it Rachado Broken Cape). This again, makes it unlikely that Iskandar Shah is buried in Singapore.<br />
<br />
In 1819, as Bukit Larangan was being cleared of jungle, there was also no record of a tomb on the site. The Singaporeans in 1819 who feared coming up Bukit Laarangan had heard but but not seen or heard stories of any physical tombs or sites on the hill.<br />
<b><br />
</b> <b>10. The Family that takes care of the Keramat</b><br />
<b><br />
</b> A family of Indian Muslims were hereditary caretakers of the site. In 1984, this office was filled by an elderly man who was reticent about himself. Another venerable old man with a white beard was normally found sitting on the steps leading from the keramat to the road above it. He sold muang beans to devotees who wished to feed the pigeons that were usually found nearby.<br />
<b><br />
</b> <br />
1. Wheatley, <em>The Golden Khersonese </em>(1960): 120-2 and Crawfurd, J., <em>Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Archipelago </em>(1856)<br />
<br />
2. Rouaffaer, G.P. (1921). "Was Meala emporium voor 1400 A.d. genaamd Malajoer?" <em>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkund van Nederlandsch-Indie 77: </em>1-174, 359-600<br />
<br />
3. Braddell, R. 1982 [1934]. <em>The Lights of Singapore. </em>Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. 1969. "Lung-ya-men and Tan-ma-his," JMBRAS 42: 1:10-24<br />
<br />
4. Miksic, J.N. (2013) <em>Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea </em>(NUS Press Singapore: 2013)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-46788869813067381282015-01-24T06:50:00.000-08:002015-01-24T06:50:44.643-08:00<h1 class="story-header" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #505050; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 2.461em; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 34px; margin: 3px -160px 13px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; width: 623px;">
Post-traumatic stress 'evident in 1300BC'</h1>
<span class="byline" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(216, 216, 216); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #505050; display: block; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin: -1px -160px 21px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 12px; position: relative;"><span class="byline-name" style="display: block; font-size: 1.231em; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">By James Gallagher</span><span class="byline-title" style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0px;">Health editor, BBC News website</span><span class="byline-title" style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0px;"><br /></span></span><br />
<div class="introduction" id="story_continues_1" style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
Evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder can be traced back to 1300BC - much earlier than previously thought - say researchers.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
The team at Anglia Ruskin University analysed translations from ancient Iraq or Mesopotamia.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
Accounts of soldiers being visited by "ghosts they faced in battle" fitted with a modern diagnosis of PTSD.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
The condition was likely to be as old as human civilisation, the researchers concluded.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
Prof Jamie Hacker Hughes, a former consultant clinical psychologist for the Ministry of Defence, said the first description of PTSD was often accredited to the Greek historian Herodotus.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
Referring to the warrior Epizelus during the battle of Marathon in 490BC he wrote: "He suddenly lost sight of both eyes, though nothing had touched him."</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
But Prof Hughes' report - titled Nothing New Under the Sun - argues there are references in the Assyrian Dynasty in Mesopotamia between 1300BC and 609BC.</div>
<span class="byline" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(216, 216, 216); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #505050; display: block; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin: -1px -160px 21px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 12px; position: relative;"><span class="byline-title" style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="cross-head" style="display: block; font-size: 1.231em; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 16px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Ghosts</span></span></span><br />
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
In that era men spent a year being toughened up by building roads, bridges and other projects, before spending a year at war and then returning to their families for a year before starting the cycle again.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
Prof Hughes told the BBC News website: "The sorts of symptoms after battle were very clearly what we would call now post-traumatic stress symptoms.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
"They described hearing and seeing ghosts talking to them, who would be the ghosts of people they'd killed in battle - and that's exactly the experience of modern-day soldiers who've been involved in close hand-to-hand combat."</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
A diagnosis and understanding of post-traumatic stress disorder emerged after the Vietnam War. It was dismissed as shell shock in World War One.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
Prof Hughes said: "As long as there has been civilisation and as long as there has been warfare, there has been post-traumatic symptoms. It's not a 21st Century thing."</div>
Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-55015365839349752872014-08-12T07:39:00.001-07:002014-08-12T07:39:22.901-07:00What happened to Dr Doolots/ Luis Avalos?<img height="225" src="http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/modal_800/2014/01/luis_avalos.jpg" width="400" /><img height="320" src="http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTM1NzgzOTk0MV5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTYwMTEyMTk0._V1_SX214_CR0,0,214,317_AL_.jpg" width="216" /><br />
<br />
<br />
Luis Ávalos, a Cuban-born actor known for his long tenure on “The Electric Company,” the popular PBS children’s program of the 1970s, died on Wednesday in Burbank, Calif at Providence St Joseph Medical Centre on 22 Jan 2014. He was 67.<br />
<br />
The cause was complications of a recent heart attack, his friend Gabriel Reyes said.<br />
<br />
Mr. Ávalos joined “The Electric Company” in its second season, 1972, a time when there were few Hispanic faces on television. He remained with the show until it went off the air in 1977, appearing in more than 600 episodes.<br />
<br />
“The Electric Company,” which taught English grammar and literacy to post-“Sesame Street” viewers, also starred Morgan Freeman, Rita Moreno and Judy Graubart.<br />
<br />
A dapper, diminutive man, Mr. Ávalos played several recurring characters. He was known in particular for Dr. Doolots (sometimes spelled Dolots), a white-coated amalgam of the fictional Dr. Dolittle with all three Marx Brothers — boasting the voice of Groucho, the dash of Chico and the hair of Harpo.<br />
<br />
<img src="http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Q5wVONsjlTw/0.jpg" /><br />
<br />
Dr. Doolots, quite literally a prescriptive grammarian, ministers to his patients’ sundry linguistic ills with bumbling manic energy.<br />
<br />
Mr. Ávalos’s other regular television roles include Dr. Thomas Esquivel on the CBS sitcom “E/R” in the 1980s and Principal Rivas on “Hangin’ With Mr. Cooper” in the ’90s.<br />
<br />
His film credits included “Hot Stuff” (1979), “Stir Crazy” (1980), “Hollywood Homicide” (2003) and “$5 a Day” (2008).<br />
<br />
Mr. Ávalos was born in Havana on Sept. 2, 1946, and moved to the United States with his family when he was very young. Originally trained as a stage actor, he earned a bachelor of fine arts in theater from New York University and afterward joined the Repertory Theater of Lincoln Center.<br />
<br />
His Broadway credits include a 1970 revival of Brecht’s “The Good Woman of Setzuan”; he also appeared Off Broadway and in regional theater.<br />
<br />
He had guest roles on many TV shows, among them “The Jeffersons,” “Barney Miller,” “Hill Street Blues” and “NYPD Blue.”<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.7;">Avalos also went on to appear in 21 episodes of the CBS hospital-based sitcom “E/R” as Dr. Thomas Esquivel and as Principal Rivas on ABC’s “Hangin’ With Mr. Cooper.” Some of his other TV credits include “Jack & Bobby,” “Full House,” “Resurrection Blvd.” and “NYPD Blue.”</span><br />
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 30px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 663.296875px;">
The Havana native was also featured in several films, including “Jungle 2 Jungle” with Tim Allen and “The Ringer” with Johnny Knoxville. His final film project, “$5 a Day,” was released in 2008.</div>
A resident of Los Angeles, he was the founder and artistic director of the Americas Theater Arts Foundation there, which supports productions of plays with Latin American themes.<br />
<br />
Mr. Ávalos’s only immediate survivor is his companion, Angel Febo.<br />
<br />
In 1983, Mr. Ávalos starred in “Condo,” a short-lived ABC sitcom about an upscale white family and its Hispanic neighbors. The series, which also starred McLean Stevenson, was faulted by some critics for trafficking in ethnically based insult comedy.<br />
<br />
“I think that the greatest enemy to the understanding among people of different backgrounds is not the expression of ideas or the occasional trading of insults,” Mr. Ávalos told The Associated Press in response. “The greatest enemy is invisibility.”<br />
<br />
Avalos also often said in interviews that he turned down many roles because they negatively portrayed Latinos. "But I hate to turn down work," he said in a 1987 San Diego Union-Tribue Story,"because the same producer may have a good role next time, and won't offer it to you...Hispanis are an important part of the fabric of this nation, but they have a long way to go. Kids need to see images that are positive, not just to be shown as a a busboy."<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/arts/television/luis-avalos-actor-on-the-electric-company-dies-at-67.html?ref=obituariesSocial Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-66888152287683223062014-08-12T07:03:00.001-07:002014-08-12T07:03:07.582-07:00What happened to "Hey You Guys!"/ Rita Moreno<span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">U.S. actress Rita Moreno has had a thriving acting career for the better part of six decades. Moreno, one of the very few (and very first) performers to win an Oscar, an Emmy, a Tony, and a Grammy, was born Rosita Dolores Alverío in Humacao, Puerto Rico on December 11, 1931. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span>
<img height="320" src="http://www.thirteen.org/13pressroom/files/2013/01/Electric-Company-2.jpg" width="251" /><img height="307" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" width="320" /><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">In the Electric Company, Rita was Carmela the singer, </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_The_Director" style="background: none rgb(249, 249, 249); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; text-decoration: none;" title="Otto The Director">Otto The Director</a>, <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">Pandora the Little Girl, Millie the Helper and so many other roles.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">She moved to New York City in 1937 along with her mother and got her first movie experience at aged 11,dubbing Spanish-language versions of U.S. films. Less than a month before her fourteenth birthday in1945, she made her Broadway debut in the play "Skydrift" at the Belasco Theatre, costarring with Arthur Keegan and Eli Wallach. </span><span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Although she would not appear again on Broadway for almost two decades, Rita Moreno, as she was billed in the play, had arrived professionally.</span><br style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><br style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">The cover of the March first, 1954 edition of "Life Magazine" featured a three-quarters, over-the-left-shoulder profile of the young Puerto Rican actress/entertainer with the provocative title "Rita Moreno: An Actresses' Catalog of Sex and Innocence." It was sex-pot time, a stereotype that would plague her throughout the decade. If not cast as a Hispanic pepper pot, she could rely on being cast as another "exotic", such as her appearance on </span><a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0046600/?ref_=nmbio_mbio" style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #70579d; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;">Father Knows Best</a><span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"> (1954) as an exchange student from India. Because of a dearth of decent material, Moreno as an actress had to play roles in movies that she considered degrading. Among the better pictures she appeared in were the classic </span><a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0045152/?ref_=nmbio_mbio" style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #70579d; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;">Singin' in the Rain</a><span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"> (1952) and </span><a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0049408/?ref_=nmbio_mbio" style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #70579d; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;">The King and I</a><span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"> (1956).</span><br style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><br style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Filmmaker </span><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0936404/?ref_=nmbio_mbio" style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #70579d; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;">Robert Wise</a><span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">, who was chosen to co-direct the movie version of the smash hit Broadway musical </span><a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0055614/?ref_=nmbio_mbio" style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #70579d; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;">West Side Story</a><span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"> (1961) (a retelling of Shakespeare's "Romeo & Juliet" with the warring Venetian clans the Montagues and Capulets reenvisioned as Irish/Polish and Puerto Rican adolescent street gangs, the Jets and the Sharks), cast Moreno as "Anita", the Puerto Rican girlfriend of Sharks' leader Bernardo, whose sister Maria is the piece's Juliet.</span><br style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><br style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">However, roles commensurate with that talent were not forthcoming in the 1960s. The following decade would prove kinder, possibly as the beautiful Moreno had aged and could now be seen by film-makers, T.V. producers and casting directors as something other than the spit-fire/sex-pot that Hispanic women were supposed to conform to. Ironically, it was in two vastly diverging roles -- that of a $100 hooker in director </span><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001566/?ref_=nmbio_mbio" style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #70579d; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;">Mike Nichols</a><span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"> brilliant realization of </span><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0270547/?ref_=nmbio_mbio" style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #70579d; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;">Jules Feiffer</a><span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">'s acerbic look at male sexuality, </span><a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0066892/?ref_=nmbio_mbio" style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #70579d; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;">Carnal Knowledge</a><span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"> (1971) (1971) and that of Milly the Helper in the children's T.V. show </span><a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0066651/?ref_=nmbio_mbio" style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #70579d; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;">The Electric Company</a><span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"> (1971) (1971) -- that signaled a career renaissance.</span><br style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><br style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">During the seventies, Moreno won a 1972 Grammy Award for her contribution to "The Electric Company" soundtrack album, following it up three years later with a Tony Award as Best Featured Actress in a Musical for </span><a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0075144/?ref_=nmbio_mbio" style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #70579d; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;">The Ritz</a><span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"> (1976), a role she would reproduce on the Big Screen. She then won Emmy Awards for "The Muppet Show" and "The Rockford Files".</span><br />
<br />
<img height="240" src="http://i.ytimg.com/vi/VoIZQh1IjI8/hqdefault.jpg" width="320" /><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">In her personal life, Moreno had an eight year long affair with actor </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon_Brando" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; text-decoration: none;" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"> On June 18, 1965, Moreno married Leonard Gordon, a cardiologist who was also her manager. He died on June 30, 2010.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"> They have one daughter, Fernanda Luisa Fisher,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"> and two grandsons, Justin and Cameron Fisher.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"> In an interview with </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Day_LA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Good Day LA">Good Day LA</a></i><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">, Moreno stated that </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; text-decoration: none;" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"> was not a good lover. They dated for quite some time, but whenever the opportunity presented itself to take the relationship to another level, Presley backed off.</span><br />
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><br style="background-color: #f6f6f5;" /></span></span><img src="http://thenypost.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/17-1n014-rita1_-c-ta-300x300.jpg" /><img height="320" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/02/17/article-2280004-17A373A1000005DC-256_306x395.jpg" width="247" /><br />
<span style="background-color: #222222; color: #888888; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;">This sexy still of Moreno and Brando during their film The Night of the Following Day was found hanging above Brando's desk when he died</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #f6f6f5;" /><span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Moreno continues to work steadily on screen (both large and small) and on-stage, solidifying her reputation as a national treasure, a status that was officially ratified with the award of the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President </span><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0124133/?ref_=nmbio_mbio" style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #70579d; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;">George W. Bush</a><span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"> in June 2004.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span>
<img height="200" src="http://static.parade.condenast.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Rita-Moreno-sag-awards-ftr.jpg" width="320" /><img alt="Rita Moreno face.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Rita_Moreno_face.jpg/220px-Rita_Moreno_face.jpg" /><br />
<span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Other accolades include: </span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Moreno has a star on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a> at 7083 Hollywood Blvd.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">On December 5, 2007, California Governor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a> and First Lady <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Shriver" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Maria Shriver">Maria Shriver</a> inducted Moreno into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Hall_of_Fame" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="California Hall of Fame">California Hall of Fame</a>, located at <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_California_Museum_for_History,_Women_and_the_Arts" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts">The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In 2009, Moreno was awarded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts</a> by President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In 2010, the Hispanic Organization of Latin actresses (HOLA) honored Moreno with an HOLA Lifetime Achievement Award</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Life_Achievement_Award" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award">Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award</a> (2013; presented on Saturday, January 18, 2014)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Moreno#cite_note-24" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[</a></sup></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span>Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-40316579666343056722014-08-12T06:43:00.000-07:002014-08-12T06:43:55.979-07:00What happened to Love of Chair/ Skip Hinnant?Joseph Howard 'Skip' Hinnant (b. Sept 12, 1940) was an actor and voice artist who was born on Chincoteague Island, Virginia. He was a part of the repertory cast on The Electric Company, playing J.J., the boy in "Love of Chair," Frankenstein's Monster, and most notably, bungling detective Fargo North, Decoder. The latter helped Sesame Street visitor Big Bird find his way home in a 1972 cross-over skit. In the special Out to Lunch, he reprised Fargo and others, and in cross-over segments with the Sesame Muppets, he performed a Puppy-Love Dessert Chow commercial with a Muppet dog (Jerry Nelson) and played an extra in Cookie Monster's "Kookamonga Kid" skit.<br />
<br />
<br />
<img src="http://wpc.556e.edgecastcdn.net/80556E/video.img/VIi4QpmqRrtxlr_1_hd.jpg" />\<img height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX9A4NmNiI5wHVSVAgMuAklZ8-E5K0r-MLLw1UiTPiHf6v6xwco8VHi9FuLEPgViWECDYvRISoM4EtAAysB0d38efLSPreuICOYKlxhYiK-trU7AcKjt8wk5aYe0vaS_9cgkmIAlROrtFB/s320/ecdracula1.jpg" width="320" /><br />
Skip's first major role was as Cathy's boyfriend, Ted, on the Patty Duke Show from 1963 - 1965 and in 967, he played Shroeder in the original off-Broadway case of Clark Gesner's You're a Good Man Charlie Brown, where his older brother played Snoopy.<br />
<br />
Much earlier, Hinnant had been heard on Sesame Street itself, narrating the live-action insert "There Once Was a Hand." (First: Episode 0007).<br />
<br />
Hinnant's Electric Company association extended to albums, including the 1977 record Spidey Super Stories (as Fargo and the villains Moleman, Mr. Measles, and the Jester). Prior to that, he had recurred on The Patty Duke Show as boyfriend Ted (1963-1965) and, in 1967, originated the role of Schroeder in the off-Broadway production of You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown.<br />
<br />
However, most of his career has been spent as a New York-based voice actor, most infamously as the title feline in the 1972 X-rated feature Fritz the Cat and its sequel, The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat (1974). He was also heard in the Rankin/Bass special The Easter Bunny Is Comin' to Town (as Sunny the Easter Bunny), and the 1980 stop-motion feature I Go Pogo (as Pogo and the narrator). Further voice work includes episodes of My Little Pony 'n Friends, the radio series The General Mills Radio Adventure Theatre (1977), and commercials ranging from a prominent Air Wick spot to spokescharacter Teddy Snow Crop for Snow Crop frozen foods. His few post-Electric Company on-camera appearances include guest roles on 3-2-1 Contact and Kate & Allie, as well as the 2006 PBS special The Electric Company's Greatest Hits & Bits.<br />
<br />
<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMOGZb6ST9w7IZktzZjGfP4i1qBsFzAmtrPRw97GRigR3CFLZJXiRpWE_sX2-kLYmCArBbFmG_bXRY08skr4OwVVHqD2xgyFZApfOWikowMSknzQ2zQvwZSdBa6Q0BTAqhhL_XbkrBoxM/s320/Skiphinnant.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">Hinnant is the longest-serving president of the New York branch of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; text-decoration: none;" title="Screen Actors Guild">Screen Actors Guild</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">.</span>Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-76093784072417545062014-08-12T06:31:00.000-07:002014-08-12T06:31:01.154-07:00What happened to Jennifer of the Jungle/ Judy Graubart?Born in October 1943 in Fort Worth, Texas. Esther Judith "Judy Graubart grew up in Chicago as a rabbi’s daughter, Graubart honed her acting skills in after-school improvisational classes and programs from age five.<br />
<br />
<img height="232" src="http://superenglishstars.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/jennifer-of-the-jungle.jpg" width="320" /><br />
<br />
“It was great for me,” she says over coffee at City Bakery. “I was an overweight kid and extremely nearsighted, and being insecure about all of that, so being involved in these little acting groups just pulled me out of that. It allowed me to think I was funny, and…I just loved being a part of dramatic activities.”<br />
<br />
She honed her skills further at sleepaway camps following the death of Rabbi Graubart when Judy was eight, but didn’t get serious about performing until her attendance at the University of Chicago.<br />
<br />
“I did some productions in college, which were fine,” she says, “but my real break came because of a boyfriend I had, who was good friends with David Steinberg, and he was with Second City Comedy Group at the time.<br />
<br />
Judith planned to be a French teacher since her major was Romance Languages, but she wound up doing in other roles. She loved doing improvisation and she said, "It’s not easy to do well; I think the ability to improvise successfully is there if actors are willing to relax and use it, but it can be hard to do a scene with somebody if they aren’t skilled in it. There were guys I had to work with who would just butcher what we were doing, and then I remember working with someone like Peter Boyle, who was TERRIFIC. I kept think that working with Peter was like talking with someone from your hometown; someone with whom you just speak a common language."<br />
<br />
The tour ended in New York, and Graubart transplanted herself here along with other members of the company. Several plays and commercials continued to put bread and butter on Graubart’s table for a time, Graubart managed to keep the bill collectors from the door and satisfy her artistic self, including the television version of Paul Sills’s “Story Theater,” shot in Canada, and then one day came the opportunity to audition for the new children’s educational program “The Electric Company,” produced by the Children’s Television Workshop.<br />
<br />
She landed the job and would stay with the show for its full seven-year run through 1978, creating characters that would delight children all over the country.<br />
<br />
“It was such a wonderful feeling to land a show as a regular, a show that was doing some good instead of just being a sitcom or something.” Again she was in illustrious company; Bill Cosby was a regular for the first two seasons, Rita Moreno would be with the show for some time, and other cast members included Todd Graff, Skip Hinnant, Luis Avalos, Hattie Winston, Lee Chamberlin, Melanie Henderson, June Angela, Gregg Burge, Irene Cara, and then-virtually-unknown Morgan Freeman. “It was marvelous that they welded together this group of different ethnic types and different energy levels. I guess I was the low-energy person in the family, except when I was doing a character like Jennifer of the Jungle, swinging on the vine and doing my “Oyoyoyoyoyoyoyoyoy” yell.”<br />
<br />
<img src="http://img.youtube.com/vi/uEBxXNuEAjQ/0.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">She is married to </span><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0228336/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk4" style="background-color: white; color: #70579d; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;">Bob Dishy</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">. They have two children.</span><br />
<img src="http://www.grose.us/pics/ecgraubart2.jpg" /><img alt="Judy Graubart" height="320" src="http://iv1.lisimg.com/image/3272830/600full-judy-graubart.jpg" width="185" /><br />
<br />
http://themartinreport.wordpress.com/2013/02/24/getting-dishy-with-judy-graubart/<br />
<br />
<br />Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-50884679543137291622014-08-12T06:05:00.000-07:002014-08-12T06:05:03.830-07:00What happened to Crank/ Jim Boyd?Jim Boyd/ James A. Boyd (1933 - 2013) was an actor best known for his work on The Electric Company, staying for the entire run from 1971 to 1977. Boyd was at first, a puppeteer on the WPIX-TV series The Surprise Show and was hired by CTW to reprise his puppet character Lorelei the Chicken, perform the suit character Paul the Gorilla, and providing off-screen voice-overs, notably as the angry caller J. Arthur Crank.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguQkGFMpDELMwuZe4qkBZ-z6-0IXru6mgWFPbBvfUGOr-nG_kjc9t8dAm0-eVF5eyguod9G9OKoyQa4zNgiVS8qgq-2rxHopNUJUafSrai3m5Szju0Lzw-Qm4bKMetZlj49FNRJ-zk7n8/s1600/Jimboyd.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguQkGFMpDELMwuZe4qkBZ-z6-0IXru6mgWFPbBvfUGOr-nG_kjc9t8dAm0-eVF5eyguod9G9OKoyQa4zNgiVS8qgq-2rxHopNUJUafSrai3m5Szju0Lzw-Qm4bKMetZlj49FNRJ-zk7n8/s1600/Jimboyd.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Beginning in the second season, Boyd brought Crank before the cameras and expanded his repertoire to include the Blue Beetle, The Wolfman, and the puppet Maurice the Plant. Mr Crank was the perpetually angry middle-aged New Yorker who always finds himself yelling at performers or the audience. The character appeared in all 780 episodes of the original Electric Company (1971-1977), a show that was created for older children who were no longer served by Sesame Street.<br />
<br />
Crank remained Boyd's signature character and on one occasion, had the privilege of meeting two Sesame Street Muppets. He proved fairly sympathetic when encountering a tearful Grover at Vi's Diner, but later rejoiced in paying tribute to his mentor and role model, Oscar the Grouch.<br />
<br />
Boyd also supplied the voice of Spider-Man in the Spidey Super Stories album based on the Electric Company skits.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_JXkS3oiArYOvu-yzdg27uSCoiwfmu1hjDZk1fcq3NCoQVaTg6RXukwLCqqHG0_je8GtsNhEI63N6VMetqPLDmBXlj5wHLzN_Z5wCm7sAXa-hRAKsIzoDiSKdfcc482JdJ8uwMfiYf2U/s1600/blue+beetle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_JXkS3oiArYOvu-yzdg27uSCoiwfmu1hjDZk1fcq3NCoQVaTg6RXukwLCqqHG0_je8GtsNhEI63N6VMetqPLDmBXlj5wHLzN_Z5wCm7sAXa-hRAKsIzoDiSKdfcc482JdJ8uwMfiYf2U/s1600/blue+beetle.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Boyd died on January 2, 2013, after a brief illness. He was married to his wife, Kathleen, and was a loving father of Jeanne (Bill) Billings, devoted grandfather of Andrew Billings. J</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-49829845172891141382014-05-10T01:58:00.003-07:002014-05-10T01:58:56.882-07:00The Indochina expats in temporary housing for half a century<h1 class="story-header">
The Indochina expats in temporary housing for half a century</h1>
<span class="byline">
<span class="byline-name">By <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16852092#" id="_GPLITA_0" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">Chris<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> Bockman</span>
<span class="byline-title">Sainte-Livrade, <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16852092#" id="_GPLITA_1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">France<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a></span>
</span>
<div class="caption body-width">
<img alt="Artillery gun at Dien Ben Phu battleground" height="261" src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/58257000/jpg/_58257975_phucannon_afp464.jpg" width="464" />
<span style="width: 464px;"> </span></div>
<div class="caption body-width">
<span style="width: 464px;"><a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16852092#" id="_GPLITA_4" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">Rusting<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> French artillery still lies on the battlefield of Dien Ben Phu</span></div>
<br /><div class="introduction" id="story_continues_1">
When
France lost control of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos nearly 60 years ago,
hundreds of people who had served the French colonial system - and were
at risk of persecution - were rehoused in a disused army camp in
south-west France. It was meant to be a temporary <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16852092#" id="_GPLITA_5" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">home<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>, but some are still there.</div>
<div class="introduction" id="story_continues_1">
<br /></div>
First a brief history lesson.<br />
<br />
In the 1950s, like Britain, France saw its overseas colonial empire <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16852092#" id="_GPLITA_7" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">begin<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> to unravel rapidly, and its far-Eastern colony, Indochina or Indochine, was no exception.<br />
<br />
The French packed their <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16852092#" id="_GPLITA_8" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">bags<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> and left in a hurry.<br />
<br />
However thousands of local residents who had worked for the
French colonial administration or had married French citizens were
considered traitors by much of the local population and their lives were
in danger.<br />
<br />
So Paris allowed some of them to come to France. They were called the French expatriates of Indochina.<br />
<br />
Some 1,200 of them were brought over by boat and were told they could stay in a run-down former army <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16852092#" id="_GPLITA_9" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">camp<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> near the small town of Sainte-Livrade.<br />
<br />
<br />
The living conditions were cramped. Sanitation and heating were
nearly non-existent and the new residents faced severe restrictions on
their movements - so as not to antagonise the local population.<br />
It was all supposed to be temporary - just for a few months -
until something better was found. Except nearly 60 years later they are
still there.<br />
<br />
To be precise, 30 of the original residents are still there. They are now in the late 80s and 90s. The rest have <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16852092#" id="_GPLITA_11" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">died<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> and their children have moved on and made their own lives.<br />
<br />
The local French population referred to the camp as Vietnam sur Lot - Vietnam on the River Lot. <br />
The camp had its own Asian shops and restaurants on base, and
while the children were taught in French, the adult refugees spoke
Vietnamese and the remaining survivors still do.<br />
<br />
But interestingly, whatever language they used, they all took French names.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div id="story_continues_2">
The hundreds of families lived in rows of
long, narrow, grey, low-ceilinged concrete buildings that resemble farm
outhouses more than homes. </div>
Most are now abandoned, except for the last 30 families still there. <br />
And when you go inside the homes, you are hit by two distinct sensations. One, that you are clearly somewhere in <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16852092#" id="_GPLITA_12" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">Asia<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>, and secondly that you have been thrown back to another era, when France had an empire. <br />
There are <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16852092#" id="_GPLITA_13" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">photos<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> of French soldiers parading proudly in Indochina, and hats on the wall, of the kind once worn by French colonial officials.<br />
<br />
It is the same feeling one gets when visiting say a British
expatriate club in some parts of East or Southern Africa, with models of
Spitfires and hunting trophies on the wall.<br />
<br />
Ninety-one-year-old year old Emile Lejeune, who spent seven
years in jail in Indochina for fighting alongside the French, is still
bitter about what happened to him.<br />
<br />
Surrounded by Buddha statues, he says there was never any effort to integrate the Indochina expatriates into French life.<br />
<br />
He told me integration was a dirty word back then and the
only solution for them was to adapt to the new situation and not kick up
a fuss.<br />
<br />
The men went to work in local factories and the women in the fields nearby. <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16852092#" id="_GPLITA_17" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">Contact<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> with the French was kept to a minimum.<br />
<br />
Another of the original survivors is Pierre Charles Maniquant.<br />
<br />
<br />
When I meet him he is watching Vietnamese TV, thanks to a satellite dish. <br />
When he arrived, he told me, his family of 10 were housed in two rooms and shared outdoor toilets with other families.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16852092#" id="_GPLITA_18" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">Contact<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> with the outside world was strictly controlled until the 1970s.<br />
<br />
He <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16852092#" id="_GPLITA_19" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">tells<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> me the French people are no better or worse than anyone else, but the French state had let down the Indochina expatriates.<br />
<br />
Health and safety in the camp had never been a priority until
2004, when one of the elderly residents died in a house fire caused by
faulty electrics. The French authorities finally decided it was time to
act.<br />
<br />
Some of the disused barrack homes have been knocked down,
small new houses with an Asian look are going up in their place and the
last residents are now being urged to move in.<br />
But the irony is that most do not want to.<br />
<br />
Having lived in their homes for nearly 60 years they cannot face the idea of being uprooted <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16852092#" id="_GPLITA_20" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">again<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>. <br />
"We have had to <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16852092#" id="_GPLITA_21" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">wait<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
more than half a century for proper housing to be built but all the
elderly residents have died. There are just 30 of us left," Pierre
Charles Maniquant told me.<br />
"All our children have moved on to make their own lives." Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-44372343183761980202014-05-10T01:56:00.002-07:002014-05-10T01:56:33.600-07:00Dien Bien Phu: Did the US offer France an A-bomb?<br />
<img alt="French soldiers during the battle for Dien Bien Phu" height="224" src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/74582000/jpg/_74582613_french-soldiers.jpg" width="320" /><br />
<br />
<div class="introduction" id="story_continues_1">
Sixty years ago this week, <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27243803#" id="_GPLITA_0" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">French<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
troops were defeated by Vietnamese forces at Dien Bien Phu. As
historian Julian Jackson explains, it was a turning point in the history
of both nations, and in the Cold War - and a battle where some in the
US appear to have contemplated the use of nuclear weapons.</div>
"Would you like two atomic bombs?" These are the <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27243803#" id="_GPLITA_1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">words<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
that a senior French diplomat remembered US Secretary of State John
Foster Dulles asking the French Foreign Minister, Georges Bidault, in
April 1954. The context of this extraordinary offer was the critical
plight of the French army fighting the nationalist forces of Ho Chi Minh
at Dien Bien Phu in the highlands of north-west Vietnam.<br />
<br />
The battle of Dien Bien Phu is today overshadowed by the
later involvement of the Americans in Vietnam in the 1960s. But for
eight years between 1946 and 1954 the French had fought their own bloody
war to hold on to their Empire in the Far East. After the seizure of
power by the Communists in China in 1949, this colonial conflict had
become a key battleground of the Cold War. The Chinese provided the
Vietnamese with arms and supplies while most of the costs of the French
war effort were borne by America. But it was French soldiers who were
fighting and dying. By 1954, French forces in Indochina totalled over
55,000.<br />
<br />
<div id="story_continues_2">
At the end of 1953, French commander in chief
Gen Navarre had decided to set up a fortified garrison in the valley of
Dien Bien Phu, in the highlands about 280 miles from the northern
capital of Hanoi. The valley was surrounded by rings of forested hills
and mountains. The <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27243803#" id="_GPLITA_2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">position<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
was defensible providing the French could hold on to the inner hills
and keep their position supplied through the airstrip. What they
underestimated was the capacity of the Vietnamese to amass artillery
behind the hills. This equipment was transported by tens of thousands of
labourers - many of them women and children - carrying material
hundreds of miles through the jungle day and night. On 13 March the
Vietnamese unleashed a massive barrage of artillery and within two days
two of the surrounding hills had been taken, and the airstrip was no
longer usable. The French defenders were now cut off and the noose
tightened around them. </div>
<div id="story_continues_2">
<br /></div>
It was this critical situation which led the French to appeal
in desperation for US help. The most hawkish on the American aide were
Vice-President Richard Nixon, who had no political power, and Admiral
Radford, Chair of the Joint <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27243803#" id="_GPLITA_10" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">Chiefs<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
of Staff. Also quite hawkish was the US Secretary of State John Foster
Dulles, who was obsessed by the crusade against Communism. More reserved
was President Eisenhower who nonetheless gave a press conference in
early April where he proclaimed the infamous "domino theory" about the
possible spread of Communism from one country to another.<br />
<div class="caption full-width">
<img alt="Red Cross helicopter flies to French positions at Dien Bien Phu" height="401" src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/74584000/jpg/_74584122_chopper.jpg" width="624" />
</div>
"You have a row of dominoes set up, you knock over the first
one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will
go over very quickly," he said. "So you could have a beginning of a
disintegration that would have the most profound influences."<br />
<br />
Saturday 3 April 1954 has gone down in American history as
"the day we didn't go to war". On that day Dulles met Congressional
leaders who were adamant they would not support any military
intervention unless Britain was also involved. Eisenhower sent a <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27243803#" id="_GPLITA_14" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">letter<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
to the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill warning of the
consequences for the West if Dien Bien Phu fell. It was around this
time, at a meeting in Paris, that Dulles supposedly made his astonishing
offer to the French of tactical nuclear weapons.<br />
<br />
In fact, Dulles was never authorised to make such an offer
and there is no hard evidence that he did so. It seems possible that in
the febrile atmosphere of those days the panic-stricken French may
simply have misunderstood him. Or his words may have got lost in <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27243803#" id="_GPLITA_15" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">translation<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>. <br />
<div class="caption body-width">
<img alt="Map showing details of Dien Bien Phu" height="586" src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/74606000/jpg/_74606137_dien_bien_phu_624v2.jpg" width="464" />
</div>
"He didn't really offer. He made a suggestion and asked a <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27243803#" id="_GPLITA_16" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">question<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>.
He uttered the two fatal words 'nuclear bomb'," Maurice Schumann, a
former foreign minister, said before his death in 1998. "Bidault
immediately reacted as if he didn't take this offer seriously."<br />
<br />
According to Professor Fred Logevall of Cornell University, Dulles "at least talked in very <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27243803#" id="_GPLITA_17" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">general<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
terms about the possibility, what did the French think about
potentially using two or three tactical nuclear weapons against these
enemy positions".<br />
<br />
Bidault declined, he says, "because he knew… that if this killed a lot of <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27243803#" id="_GPLITA_18" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">Viet<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> Minh troops then it would also basically destroy the garrison itself".<br />
<br />
In the end, there was no American intervention of any kind, as the British refused to go along with it.<br />
he last weeks of the battle of Dien Bien Phu
were atrociously gruelling. The ground turned to mud once the monsoon
began, and men clung to craters and ditches in conditions <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27243803#" id="_GPLITA_19" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">reminiscent<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
of the battle of Verdun in 1916. On 7 May 1954, after a 56-day siege,
the French army surrendered. Overall on the French side there were 1,142
dead, 1,606 disappeared, 4,500 more or less badly wounded. Vietnamese
casualties ran to 22,000.<br />
<br />
In this year marked by two other major anniversaries - the
centenary of the outbreak of World War One and the 70th anniversary of
D-Day - we should not forget this other battle that took place 60 years
ago. In the history of decolonisation it was the only time a <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27243803#" id="_GPLITA_20" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">professional<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
European army was decisively defeated in a pitched battle. It marked
the end of the French Empire in the Far East, and provided an
inspiration to other anti-colonial fighters. It was no coincidence also
that a few weeks later a violent rebellion broke out in French Algeria -
the beginning of another bloody and traumatic war that was to last
eight years. The French army held so desperately on to Algeria partly to
redeem the honour it felt had been lost at Dien Bien Phu. So obsessed
did the army become by this idea that in 1958 it backed a putsch against
the government, which it believed was preparing what the generals
condemned as a "diplomatic Dien Bien Phu". This putsch brought back to
power Gen de Gaulle who set up the new presidential regime that exists
in France today. So the ripples of Dien Bien Phu are still being felt. <br />
<div class="caption full-width">
<img alt="Dien Bien Phu memorial to French soldiers who died in battle there" height="414" src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/74584000/jpg/_74584121_memorial.jpg" width="624" />
<span style="width: 624px;"> </span></div>
<div class="caption full-width">
<span style="width: 624px;">A memorial in Dien <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27243803#" id="_GPLITA_22" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">Bien<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> Phu commemorates the French soldiers who died there</span></div>
<div class="caption full-width">
<span style="width: 624px;"> </span>
</div>
It was also in 1954 that France began working on its own independent <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27243803#" id="_GPLITA_23" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">nuclear<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> deterrent.<br />
For the Vietnamese, however, Dien Bien Phu, was only the
first round. The Americans, who had refused to become directly involved
in 1954, were <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27243803#" id="_GPLITA_24" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">gradually<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> sucked into war - the second Vietnam War - during the 1960s.<br />
<br />
http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27243803<br />
Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-10934214703155109542014-05-10T01:47:00.001-07:002014-05-10T01:51:41.207-07:00Gino Bartali: The cyclist who saved Jews in wartime Italy<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<img alt="Gino Bartali is congratulated by Costante Girardengo after winning the eleventh stage of the Tour de France" src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/74728000/jpg/_74728030_top.jpg" height="231" width="320" /><br />
<br />
<h1 class="story-header">
Gino Bartali: The cyclist who saved Jews in wartime Italy</h1>
<span class="byline">
<span class="byline-name">By <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27333310#" id="_GPLITA_1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">Peter<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> Crutchley</span>
<span class="byline-title">BBC, <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27333310#" id="_GPLITA_2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">Belfast<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a></span> </span><br />
<br />
<span class="byline">As one of the cycling
world's biggest races, the Giro d'Italia, begins in Belfast on Friday,
more is being learned about the daring <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27333310#" id="_GPLITA_7" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">activities<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> of one of its former winners in wartime Italy.</span><br />
<br />
"He had everything to lose. His story is one of the most dramatic <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27333310#" id="_GPLITA_8" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">examples<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> during World War Two of an Italian willing to risk his own life to save the lives of strangers."<br />
<br />
Film director Oren Jacoby is <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27333310#" id="_GPLITA_9" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">describing<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
Gino Bartali, one of the leading cyclists of his era - a three-time
winner of the Giro d'Italia, who also notched up two Tour de France
victories, 10 years apart, before and after the war.<br />
<br />
During his lifetime, Bartali didn't talk about his wartime activities.<br />
<br />
It was only after his death in 2000 that <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27333310#" id="_GPLITA_10" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">details<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> began to emerge, and Jacoby fills in some remaining gaps in a <a href="http://www.storyville.org/donttalkaboutit">Storyville documentary film</a> about Italy's secret heroes, due to be premiered this year.<br />
Bartali, a villager from a poor Tuscan family, was reaching the peak of his <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27333310#" id="_GPLITA_11" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">career<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> as the war approached.<br />
<span class="byline"> </span>
<br />
<div class="caption full-width">
<img alt="Gino Bartali, during the Tour de France in the late 30s" src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/74728000/jpg/_74728032_bartali-tour.jpg" height="466" width="624" />
<span style="width: 624px;">Gino Bartali competing in the Tour de France in 1938</span></div>
<div class="caption full-width">
<span style="width: 624px;"> </span>
</div>
He won his first Giro d'Italia in 1936, retaining the title in
1937. Then - to Italy's delight - he won the 1938 Tour de France. It was
a moment the country's fascist leader, Benito Mussolini, had been
looking forward to eagerly.<br />
<br />
<div id="story_continues_2">
"Mussolini believed that if an Italian rider triumphed in the Tour it would <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27333310#" id="_GPLITA_13" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">show<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> that Italians too belonged to the master race," says Bartali's son Andrea in Jacoby's film.</div>
"It was a matter of national pride and fascist prestige that my father won the 1938 Tour, so he was under real pressure."<br />
<br />
Bartali was invited to dedicate his win to Mussolini, but refused. It was a grave insult to <i>il duce</i> and a big risk to take.<br />
<br />
In the middle of that year's Tour, Mussolini had published a
Manifesto on Race, which led later to Jews being stripped of citizenship
or any <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27333310#" id="_GPLITA_15" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">position<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> in government or the professions.<br />
Italy remained, however, a country in which Jews could take
refuge, until it surrendered to the allies in 1943. The German army then
occupied northern and central parts of the country and immediately
started rounding up Jews and sending them to concentration camps.<br />
<br />
At this point Bartali, a devout Catholic, was asked by the
Cardinal of Florence, Archbishop Elia Dalla Costa, to join a secret
network offering protection to Jews and other endangered people.<br />
His role in the network was uniquely suited to his talents - he became a courier. On the face of it he was undertaking the long <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27333310#" id="_GPLITA_18" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">training<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
rides for which he was renowned, but in reality he was carrying
photographs and counterfeit identity documents to and from a secret
printing press.<br />
<div class="caption full-width">
<img alt="Gino Bartali's bike in the small cycling museum inside the Madonna del Ghisallo Church Magreglio Lombardy Italy" src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/74728000/jpg/_74728035_gino%27s-bike.jpg" height="444" width="624" />
<span style="width: 624px;">Bartali's bike on display in the cycling <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27333310#" id="_GPLITA_19" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">museum<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> in Madonna del Ghisallo Church, Lombardy</span>
</div>
All were hidden in the frame and handlebars of his <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27333310#" id="_GPLITA_20" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">bicycle<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>.<br />
<br />
"We've seen documentation that he travelled thousands of
kilometres across Italy, travelling the roads between cities as far
apart as Florence, Lucca, Genoa, Assisi, and <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27333310#" id="_GPLITA_21" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">the Vatican<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> in Rome," says Jacoby.<br />
<br />
<div id="story_continues_3">
<span class="byline"> </span>By taking on this role, he put himself at huge risk. At one point he was <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27333310#" id="_GPLITA_22" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">arrested<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> and questioned by the head of the Fascist secret police in Florence, where he lived.</div>
<div id="story_continues_3">
<br /></div>
For a period he <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27333310#" id="_GPLITA_23" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">went<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> into hiding, living incognito in the town of Citta Di Castello in Umbria.<br />
In addition to this, Bartali hid his Jewish friend <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27333310#" id="_GPLITA_24" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">Giacomo<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> Goldenberg, and Goldenberg's family. <br />
"He hid us in spite of <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27333310#" id="_GPLITA_25" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">knowing<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> that the Germans were killing everybody who was hiding Jews," Goldenberg's son, Giorgio, says in Jacoby's film.<br />
<br />
"He was risking not only his life but also his family. Gino
Bartali saved my life and the life of my family. That's clear because if
he hadn't hidden us, we had nowhere to go."<br />
<br />
Approximately 80% of Italian and refugee Jews living in Italy
before World War Two survived, partly thanks to the efforts of Italian
sympathisers.<br />
<br />
It's taken a lot of detective work, by a <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27333310#" id="_GPLITA_29" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">number<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> of people, to piece Bartali's story together over the last 14 years.<br />
<br />
Andrea Bartali says that eventually little by little his father told him about his <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27333310#" id="_GPLITA_30" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">actions<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> during the war but made him promise not to tell anyone at that time.<br />
<div class="caption full-width">
<img alt="Andrea Bartali, son of Gino Bartali, visits the Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial " src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/74731000/jpg/_74731836_yad-vashem.jpg" height="416" width="624" />
<span style="width: 624px;">Bartali's son Andrea visits the Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial in Israel </span></div>
<div class="caption full-width">
<span style="width: 624px;"> </span>
</div>
"When I asked my father why I couldn't tell anyone, he said,
'You must do good, but you must not talk about it. If you talk about it
you're taking advantage of <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27333310#" id="_GPLITA_31" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">others<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> misfortunes' for your own gain.'"<br />
<br />
<div id="story_continues_4">
According to Jacoby, Bartali's reticence is a
"defining characteristic" of many of the Italians who were willing to
risk their lives in World War Two. </div>
<div id="story_continues_4">
<br /></div>
"He didn't want to be acknowledged for what he had <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27333310#" id="_GPLITA_32" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">done<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>: few of those he helped ever knew his name or what role he had played in their rescue," says Jacoby.<br />
<br />
Last September he was posthumously awarded with the honour
Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem, the Holocaust memorial and <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27333310#" id="_GPLITA_33" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">education<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> centre in Jerusalem.<br />
<br />
"When Bartali was stopped and searched, he specifically asked that his bicycle not be touched since the different <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27333310#" id="_GPLITA_34" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">parts<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> were very carefully calibrated to achieve maximum speed," <a href="http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/righteous-sportsmen/bartali.asp">the citation points out</a>.<br />
<br />
Andrea Bartali says his father refused to <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27333310#" id="_GPLITA_36" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">view<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> his actions as heroic.<br />
<br />
"When people were telling him, 'Gino, you're a hero', he
would reply: 'No, no - I want to be remembered for my sporting
achievements. Real heroes are others, those who have suffered in their
soul, in their heart, in their spirit, in their mind, for their loved
ones. Those are the real heroes. I'm just a cyclist.'"<br />
<br />
http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358<br />
<br />
A Year in Wartime Florence : <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25463904">http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25463904</a><br />
<br />
A Gay Island Community created in Fascist Italy: <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22856586">http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22856586</a>Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-40868803866555659632014-05-10T01:43:00.000-07:002014-05-10T01:43:03.485-07:00'All Honour to You' - the forgotten letters sent from occupied France<h1 class="story-header">
'All Honour to You' - the forgotten letters sent from occupied France</h1>
<h1 class="story-header">
</h1>
<div class="introduction" id="story_continues_1">
The remarkable discovery
of a box of letters in the archives of the BBC is shedding new light on
conditions and attitudes in France during World War Two. </div>
<div class="introduction" id="story_continues_1">
<br /></div>
The letters - about 1.000 have survived - were <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_6" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">sent<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> to London from just after the French surrender to Germany in June 1940, through to the end of 1943.<br />
<br />
They were addressed to the French service of the BBC,
otherwise known as Radio Londres, which during the German occupation was
a vital source of <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_7" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">information<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> and comfort for millions of French men and women.<br />
<br />
Extracts from the letters were read out on Friday evenings on
a programme called The French Speak to the French, whose aim was to <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_8" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">build<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> morale and stiffen civilian resistance to the Germans and Vichy.<br />
<br />
After the war, the letters were put in storage and forgotten.
That was until historian Aurelie Luneau stumbled upon them while
researching her thesis on Radio Londres.<br />
<br />
"I was in this tiny <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_9" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">room<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
in the BBC archives in Reading, and they brought me a box marked
'Letters from France'," she says. "One look inside and I knew it was one
of those finds that historians normally only dream about."<br />
<br />
Remarkably, for a good <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_10" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">part<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> of the war it was still possible to post mail from France and for it to reach London.<br />
<br />
If you lived in the unoccupied Vichy zone - it was not until
the end of 1942 that the whole of France was occupied by the Germans -
you simply affixed the <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_11" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">correct<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> stamp and took it to the post office.<br />
Many of the letters and cards have the most <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_12" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">basic<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> of addresses, such as "BBC, London".<br />
<br />
<br />
The post had to pass through the Vichy censors' <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_15" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">office<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
which checked some 360,000 letters every week but evidently there were
sympathetic members of staff because during 1941 and 1942 around 100
letters a month got through.<br />
<div class="story-feature narrow">
<a class="hidden" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#story_continues_2">Continue reading the main story</a> <h2 class="quote">
“<span>Start Quote</span></h2>
<div class="first-child">
The letters come from people in every walk of life”</div>
<span class="quote-credit-title"><a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_18" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip"><img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a></span>
</div>
<div id="story_continues_2">
Some letters even had <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_16" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">messages<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> appended in the censor's own hand, saying things like "I agree".</div>
Letters from the German zone could easily be smuggled through to the unoccupied zone and then <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_17" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">sent<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> on. Others came via friends in Switzerland or Portugal, or the US consulate in Lyon.<br />
Once in Britain, the letters were first read by military
intelligence before being passed on to Radio Londres. Many still bear
the annotations of British intelligence officials.<br />
Most of the letters were sent anonymously or signed with pseudonyms or initials - only occasionally is there a <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_19" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">full<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> name. The risk was great, if the writers were identified. <br />
"The letters come from people in every walk of life - workers, intellectuals, farmers. And they deal with every kind of <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_20" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">subject<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
- the hardships, the shortages, the arrests, denunciations of
collaborators, small acts of resistance," says Luneau. "Some even give
maps showing the RAF where to bomb."<br />
<div class="caption full-width">
<img alt="Letter on blue paper" height="775" src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/74757000/jpg/_74757440_blue-letter-624.jpg" width="624" />
</div>
In March 1941 a correspondent signing himself N.S. writes from Nantes to describe what happened in the local <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_21" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">cinema<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> when a newsreel came on showing a meeting between Hitler and Mussolini.<br />
"Oh you should have heard the din! Everyone was whistling
and shouting and stamping their feet, cursing these two old cronies with
<a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_22" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">words<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> that I dare not repeat.<br />
<br />
"In the <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_23" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">next<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
seance, the audience was told that during the newsreel there must be
silence… so when the moment came, the whole of the auditorium succumbed
to a sudden and noisy cold! Everyone was coughing and sneezing!"<br />
<br />
And here is another small act of defiance, <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_24" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">sent<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> from Alsace.<br />
<br />
"In Saverne a huge Swastika was hoisted above the castle ruins. But it was torn down and replaced by a French tricolour.<br />
<br />
"The heroes who did this <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_25" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">carried<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
it out to perfection, because they also entwined the flagpole with
barbed wire and removed the crampons that were used for climbing up the
tower. <br />
"The next day the population enjoyed the ridiculous scene of
the Wehrmacht attempting to shoot the flag down with a machine gun!"<br />
<br />
<div class="caption full-width">
<img alt="BBC Bush House control room, 1943" height="445" src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/74752000/jpg/_74752810_bush-house-control-room,-19.jpg" width="624" />
<span style="width: 624px;">The control <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_26" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">room<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> at BBC Bush House, 1943</span></div>
<div class="caption full-width">
<span style="width: 624px;"> </span>
</div>
Other letters convey the changing mood in France. At first
correspondents are reluctant to criticise Marshal Petain, the World War
One hero who ruled from <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_27" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">Vichy<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>. But gradually their patience with him is eroded.<br />
<br />
In July 1941, a woman signing herself The Stenographer writes: "While continuing to respect the <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_28" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">Marechal<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
- because it is impossible to believe him capable of treachery - the
French people no longer believe in him. He has become a mere figurehead,
a facade."<br />
<br />
And in December 1942, a <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_29" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">letter<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
signed 22 Mother Hens reads: "You should see the cinemas when the news
come on and they show the Marechal. Total silence. Not one person
claps."<br />
<br />
<br />
From mid-1942 the persecution of Jews in the occupied <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_30" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">zone<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
is stepped up, with the compulsory wearing of the yellow star. A
regular correspondent calling himself William Tell, who gets his letters
out via Switzerland, describes the scene in Paris.<br />
<br />
"In Belleville and Menilmontant (working class areas) there are many Jews, small artisans for the most <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_31" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">part<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>.
They get together in little groups and anxiously discuss the news from
the night before. It is very distressing to see the women and the
children of six or seven years of age."<br />
<br />
Later there are signs of impatience with the Allies, as the French <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_32" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">wait<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
helplessly for the long-announced second front. But by 1943, and
especially after the German surrender at Stalingrad in February of that
year, morale is rising.<br />
<br />
Around this time N.S. (<a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_33" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">again<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>) recounts a scene from the Paris metro.<br />
"There were two <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_35" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">German<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
soldiers in our wagon as well as a navy officer. Then an old French
wounded veteran from the First War got on, wearing all his medals, and
when he saw the Germans, he launched into this diatribe - You Germans,
kaput! Your women, your children kaput! Soon you'll see how things are
and there won't be one of you left!<br />
<br />
"The three Boches didn't say a thing. But the navy officer, who was standing there impassive and slowly nodding his head, had <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_36" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">tears<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> running down his cheeks."<br />
<br />
<div class="caption full-width">
<img alt="Charles de Gaulle broadcasting on the BBC, 1941" height="470" src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/74751000/jpg/_74751216_de-gaulle.jpg" width="624" />
<span style="width: 624px;">Charles de Gaulle broadcasting from the BBC studios in London, 1941</span></div>
<div class="caption full-width">
<span style="width: 624px;"> </span>
</div>
The stories told in the letters were of vital importance to De Gaulle's Free French in London.<br />
They allowed the movement - and indeed British intelligence -
to gauge opinion in France and also to judge the impact of their
propaganda <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_37" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">effort<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> conducted via the BBC.<br />
<br />
It is estimated that some 70 per cent of French households
with a radio set turned in to the BBC during the war - and even today
the reputation of the BBC in <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_38" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">France<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> owes much to the collective memory of those days.<br />
<br />
Throughout all the letters, the one constant theme is <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_39" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">gratitude<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> for keeping alive the cause of freedom.<br />
<br />
In December 1944, a teacher called Monsieur Godard - it was after the Liberation so he could use his real name - <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_40" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">sent<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> a poem of thanksgiving to the BBC, written by his daughter.<br />
<br />
The last couplet reads: "Le Monde entire tournant les yeux vers vous / <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358#" id="_GPLITA_41" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by shoppingchip">Crie<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>, Merci, BBC, Honneur a vous!"<br />
<br />
The Whole World turns its eyes on you / And shouts, Thank You BBC, All Honour to You!<br />
<br />
http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27340358Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-66473984991139516702014-01-24T17:17:00.002-08:002014-01-24T17:17:26.562-08:00Lions and donkeys: 10 big myths about World War One debunked<h1 class="story-header">
Lions and donkeys: 10 big myths about World War One debunked</h1>
<h1 class="story-header">
</h1>
No war in history attracts more controversy and myth than World War One.<br />
For the soldiers who fought it was in some ways better than previous conflicts, and in some ways worse.<br />
<br />
By setting it apart as uniquely awful we are blinding ourselves to the reality of not just WW1 but war in <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25776836#" id="_GPLITA_4" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by saveshare">general<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>.
We are also in danger of belittling the experience of soldiers and
civilians caught up in countless other appalling conflicts throughout
history and the present day.<br />
<br />
<span class="cross-head">1. It was the bloodiest war in history to that point</span><br />
<br />
<span class="cross-head">F </span>ifty years before WW1 broke out, southern China was torn apart by an
even bloodier conflict. Conservative estimates of the dead in the
14-year Taiping rebellion start at between 20 and 30 million. Around 17
million soldiers and civilians were killed during WW1.
<br />
Although <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25776836#" id="_GPLITA_5" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by saveshare">more<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
Britons died in WW1 than any other conflict, the bloodiest war in our
history relative to population size is the Civil War which raged in the
mid-17th Century. It saw a far higher proportion of the population of
the British Isles killed than the less than 2% who died in WW1. By
contrast around 4% of the population of England and Wales, and
considerably more than that in Scotland and Ireland, are thought to have
been killed in the Civil War.<br />
<br />
<span class="cross-head">2. Most soldiers died</span><br />
<span class="cross-head"> </span>
<br />
In the UK around six million men were mobilised, and of those just over 700,000 were killed. That's around 11.5%.<br />
<br />
In fact, as a British soldier you were <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25776836#" id="_GPLITA_6" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by saveshare">more<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> likely to die during the <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/crimea_01.shtml">Crimean War</a> (1853-56) than in WW1.<br />
<br />
<span class="cross-head">3. Men lived in the trenches for years on end</span><br />
<span class="cross-head"> </span>
<br />
<div id="story_continues_2">
Front-line trenches could be a terribly
hostile place to live. Often wet, cold and exposed to the enemy, units
would quickly lose their morale if they <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25776836#" id="_GPLITA_7" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by saveshare">spent<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> too much time in them. </div>
As a result, the British army rotated men in and out
continuously. Between battles, a unit spent perhaps 10 days a month in
the trench <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25776836#" id="_GPLITA_10" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by saveshare">system<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>, and of those, rarely more than three days right up on the front line. It was not unusual to be out of the line for a month.<br />
<br />
<br />
During moments of crisis, such as big offensives, the British could
occasionally spend up to seven days on the front line but were far more
often rotated out after just a day or two.<br />
<br />
<span class="cross-head">4. The upper class got off lightly</span><br />
<span class="cross-head"> </span>
<br />
Although the great majority of casualties in WW1 were from the
working class, the social and political elite was hit
disproportionately hard by WW1. Their sons provided the junior officers
whose job it was to lead the way over the top and expose themselves to
the greatest danger as an example to their men.<br />
<br />
Some 12% of the British army's ordinary soldiers were killed
during the war, compared with 17% of its officers. Eton alone lost more
than 1,000 former pupils - 20% of those who served. UK wartime Prime
Minister Herbert Asquith lost a son, while future Prime Minister Andrew
Bonar Law lost two. Anthony Eden lost two brothers, another brother of
his was terribly wounded and an uncle was captured.<br />
<br />
<span class="cross-head">5. 'Lions led by donkeys'</span><br />
<br />
<div id="story_continues_3">
This saying was supposed to have come from
senior German commanders describing brave British soldiers led by
incompetent old toffs from their chateaux. In fact the incident was made
up by historian Alan Clark. </div>
<div id="story_continues_3">
<br /></div>
During the war <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25776836#" id="_GPLITA_12" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by saveshare">more<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
than 200 generals were killed, wounded or captured. Most visited the
front lines every day. In battle they were considerably closer to the
action than generals are today. <br />
Naturally, some generals were not up to the job, but others
were brilliant, such as Arthur Currie, a middle-class Canadian failed
insurance broker and property developer.<br />
<br />
Rarely in history have commanders had to adapt to a <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25776836#" id="_GPLITA_13" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by saveshare">more<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> radically different technological environment.<br />
<br />
British commanders had been trained to fight small colonial
wars, now they were thrust into a massive industrial struggle unlike
anything the British army had ever seen.<br />
<br />
Despite this, within three years the British had effectively invented a <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25776836#" id="_GPLITA_11" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by saveshare">method<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
of warfare still recognisable today. By the summer of 1918 the British
army was probably at its best ever and it inflicted crushing defeats on
the Germans.<br />
<br />
<span class="cross-head">6. Gallipoli was fought by Australians and New Zealanders </span><br />
<br />
<br />
Far <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25776836#" id="_GPLITA_14" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by saveshare">more<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> British soldiers fought on the Gallipoli peninsula than Australians and New Zealanders put together. <br />
The UK lost four or five times as many men in the brutal campaign as her imperial Anzac contingents. The French also lost <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25776836#" id="_GPLITA_15" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by saveshare">more<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> men than the Australians.<br />
<br />
The Aussies and Kiwis commemorate Gallipoli ardently, and
understandably so, as their casualties do represent terrible losses both
as a proportion of their forces committed and of their small
populations.<br />
<br />
<span class="cross-head">7. Tactics on the Western <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25776836#" id="_GPLITA_16" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by saveshare">Front<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> remained unchanged despite repeated failure</span><br />
<span class="cross-head"> </span>
<br />
Never have tactics and technology changed so radically in four
years of fighting. It was a time of extraordinary innovation. In 1914
generals on horseback galloped across battlefields as men in cloth caps
charged the enemy without the necessary covering fire. Both sides were
overwhelmingly armed with rifles. Four years later, steel-helmeted
combat teams dashed forward protected by a curtain of artillery shells.<br />
<br />
They were now armed with flame throwers, portable
machine-guns and grenades fired from rifles. Above, planes, that in 1914
would have appeared unimaginably sophisticated, duelled in the skies,
some carrying experimental wireless radio sets, reporting real-time
reconnaissance.<br />
<br />
Huge artillery pieces fired with pinpoint accuracy - using only aerial <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25776836#" id="_GPLITA_17" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by saveshare">photos<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
and maths they could score a hit on the first shot. Tanks had gone from
the drawing board to the battlefield in just two years, also changing
war forever.<br />
<br />
<span class="cross-head">8. No-one won</span><br />
<span class="cross-head"> </span>
<br />
<div id="story_continues_4">
Swathes of Europe lay wasted, millions were dead or wounded. Survivors lived on with severe <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25776836#" id="_GPLITA_18" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by saveshare">mental<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> trauma. The UK was broke. It is odd to talk about winning. </div>
<div id="story_continues_4">
<br /></div>
However, in a <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25776836#" id="_GPLITA_19" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by saveshare">narrow<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
military sense, the UK and her allies convincingly won. Germany's
battleships had been bottled up by the Royal Navy until their crews
mutinied rather than make a suicidal attack against the British fleet. <br />
<br />
<div id="story_continues_5">
Germany's army collapsed as a series of mighty allied blows scythed through supposedly impregnable defences. </div>
By late September 1918 the German emperor and his military
mastermind Erich Ludendorff admitted that there was no hope and Germany
must beg for peace. The 11 November Armistice was essentially a German
surrender.<br />
<br />
Unlike Hitler in 1945, the German government did not insist
on a hopeless, pointless struggle until the allies were in Berlin - a <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25776836#" id="_GPLITA_21" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by saveshare">decision<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> that saved countless lives, but was seized upon later to claim Germany never really lost.<br />
<br />
<span class="cross-head">9. The Versailles Treaty was extremely harsh</span><br />
<br />
The treaty of Versailles confiscated 10% of Germany's territory but left it the largest, richest nation in central Europe.<br />
<br />
It was largely unoccupied and <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25776836#" id="_GPLITA_20" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by saveshare">financial<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> reparations were linked to its ability to pay, which mostly went unenforced anyway.<br />
<br />
The treaty was notably less harsh than treaties that ended
the 1870-71 Franco-Prussian War and World War Two. The German victors in
the former annexed large chunks of two rich <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25776836#" id="_GPLITA_22" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by saveshare">French<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a>
provinces, part of France for between 2-300 years, and home to most of
French iron ore production, as well as presenting France with a massive
bill for immediate payment. <br />
<br />
<br />
After WW2 Germany was occupied, split up, her factory machinery
smashed or stolen and millions of prisoners forced to stay with their
captors and work as slave labourers. Germany lost all the territory it
had gained after WW1 and another giant slice on top of that.<br />
<br />
Versailles was not harsh but was portrayed as such by Hitler who sought to <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25776836#" id="_GPLITA_24" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by saveshare">create<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> a tidal wave of anti-Versailles sentiment on which he could then ride into power.<br />
<br />
<span class="cross-head">10. Everyone hated it</span><br />
<span class="cross-head"> </span>
<br />
Like any war, it all comes down to luck. You may witness
unimaginable horrors that leave you mentally and physically
incapacitated for life, or you might get away without a scrape. It could
be the best of times, or the worst of times.<br />
<br />
Many soldiers enjoyed WW1. If they were lucky they would avoid a big offensive, and much of the time, <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25776836#" id="_GPLITA_25" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by saveshare">conditions<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> might be better than at home.<br />
<br />
<br />
For the British there was meat every day - a rare luxury back home - cigarettes, tea and rum, part of a daily <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25776836#" id="_GPLITA_23" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by saveshare">diet<img src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; display: inline ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> of over 4,000 calories.<br />
<br />
Absentee rates due to sickness, an important barometer of a
unit's morale were, remarkably, hardly above peacetime rates. Many young
men enjoyed the guaranteed pay, the intense comradeship, the
responsibility and a much greater sexual freedom than in peacetime
Britain. Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-57167803720240855862013-11-21T00:01:00.001-08:002013-12-11T12:57:54.854-08:00Ceramic Shards of Singapore: Porcelain 'blue and white ware'<b>'Blue and white' porcelain</b>: Porcelain is different from other types of ceramics because it is made from a pure white clay called <i>kaolin </i>which is found mainly in the Jingdezhen area in Jiangxi province in China. This place therefore became an important place for producing high quality porcelain which was exported to Southeast Asia and the Middle East.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUyV7tSaK-cL-G1NWSpYHW3ANqN0sqYSxeKR755R4vwV2IUT0sqN0EsdWhyZzE-xIo8IkdY1aL7pxtsq4w9iAaxlJ-UgfcmuPEYXC_skP_XTdxl_ztkaq50wzFZb9_X_j3-8GRxBTO4kM/s1600/Jingdezhen+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUyV7tSaK-cL-G1NWSpYHW3ANqN0sqYSxeKR755R4vwV2IUT0sqN0EsdWhyZzE-xIo8IkdY1aL7pxtsq4w9iAaxlJ-UgfcmuPEYXC_skP_XTdxl_ztkaq50wzFZb9_X_j3-8GRxBTO4kM/s320/Jingdezhen+1.jpg" width="243" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">China stone from open pits are smashed by water driven pestles as raw materials for making porcelain. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp0DBNMLIaJQJLjd7fQCyeJRybtoj9lQ7Wmr1OP1sDvvaWpm7yI9iSh6FyC4UgiMTy6XJE87jDj7l6kDweGHAiDsSgjx3yprcWIFcZttwh1ZrEGkw5Hs36dTnFYDRH7KQM9rAjen05EGo/s1600/JIngdezhen+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp0DBNMLIaJQJLjd7fQCyeJRybtoj9lQ7Wmr1OP1sDvvaWpm7yI9iSh6FyC4UgiMTy6XJE87jDj7l6kDweGHAiDsSgjx3yprcWIFcZttwh1ZrEGkw5Hs36dTnFYDRH7KQM9rAjen05EGo/s320/JIngdezhen+3.jpg" width="292" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvEMNLQNGSPsNdsgMChjh2zf56dQjDQr8Fw2LgTvwSQuGGZgA45JFNLYOmylR6fWe2pLDDi2y6aLzObFwWNvtuomIWwFN7FeBap6acGKIEEf2dEPf7asdGTKv-Y46BGPe55Tc9h-qe_eY/s1600/Jingdezhen+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvEMNLQNGSPsNdsgMChjh2zf56dQjDQr8Fw2LgTvwSQuGGZgA45JFNLYOmylR6fWe2pLDDi2y6aLzObFwWNvtuomIWwFN7FeBap6acGKIEEf2dEPf7asdGTKv-Y46BGPe55Tc9h-qe_eY/s320/Jingdezhen+4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
During the later half of the Song Dynasty, cobalt blue was painted on the surface of the white body of the porcelain before they were put in the kiln. The blue and white design made it popular throughout Southeast Asia and the Middle East.<br />
<br />
This process was refined during the Yuan and Ming dynasty. It grew popular all the way to Europe and was widely traded by Euroepean traders from the 15h century onwards.<br />
<br />
Because Chinese ceramics are easily broken and fragile, they are rare and very expensive. Some records exist to show that some Southeast Asian communities used Chinese ceramics as gifts to rulers. They also used them as gifts to celebrate the birth of a child within the community.<br />
<br />
<b>Description of finds in Singapore:</b>Blue and white porcelain shards were found mostly at Fort Canning. They were also recovered from any 14th century shipwrecks around the waters of the South China Sea.<br />
<br />
<img class="irc_mut" height="320" id="irc_mi" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjazNIUu2gpqroK6Eno50pl9ju24kWzNdI4XXGYtpORQx2iPh8iqTHA8FdX3x_P349JKmE6ipaWa1-cop2fqeKQX9SB0gdJ7DTCauv3ZxFpScBMLr2hPGCQ5a62VgaJfuvnDAiLrVC2iQ/s320/ggy_project4.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px;" width="315" /><br />
<b>References</b><br />
<br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Miksic, J.N. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea
1300-1800.</i> Singapore: NUS Press and National Museum of Singapore, 2013)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Miksic, J.N
& Low, Cheryl-Ann Mek Gek (Eds). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Early
Singapore 1300s – 1819. </i>(Singapore: Singapore History Museum, 2004)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<b>Picture credits</b><br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.thewanlishipwreck.com/Jingdezhen.html<br />
<br />
Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5956949959759973713.post-61799839171772828982013-11-20T23:20:00.002-08:002013-12-11T13:06:34.597-08:00Ceramic Shards of Singapore: Greenware<b>More about Greenware pottery: </b> Greenware pottery is called celadon. 'Celedan' is a western word used in the 17th century to describe the green glaze which is applied to ceramics before they are put into kilns to be baked.<br />
<br />
Celadon wares are expensive and produced mainly in Longquan, in
Zhejiang, near the mouth of the Yangzi River. By the Song Dynasty
(960-1280 AD), the potters were able to produce green are which looked
like jade.<br />
<br />
Green was a valuable Chinese porcelain
because the colour green was a symbol of royalty. In various parts of
Southeast Asia, green ware is used in religious ceremonies and also
buried with the dead in different parts of Ancient Southeast Asia<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2jrnapR00RTVF34bhzSBbR0CYloJJqVkIDnpRVlKONo3dLym2TYC6MQgb5Qqqf0d_Zor319K51PheZC0ecVacIKueqxauvz8vKtmJofburxzkXhi_0zGjM0XJ71pWMnkQesN63kPj3Iw/s1600/Kiln+Zhejiang.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2jrnapR00RTVF34bhzSBbR0CYloJJqVkIDnpRVlKONo3dLym2TYC6MQgb5Qqqf0d_Zor319K51PheZC0ecVacIKueqxauvz8vKtmJofburxzkXhi_0zGjM0XJ71pWMnkQesN63kPj3Iw/s320/Kiln+Zhejiang.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7qA8soCIyOdTufS05DDwpFTLwk99c-GZG5Pgoe4iZPa5YAXvNgJkvVshxuw8qB9elbj-WRgx37fy33fsvnW4kq6wSdYtFmOj1sYWgWaFQMSZeGk8LhLefJd0kCl-L1Z7itt-wjeh5FzA/s1600/kiln+zhejiang2.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7qA8soCIyOdTufS05DDwpFTLwk99c-GZG5Pgoe4iZPa5YAXvNgJkvVshxuw8qB9elbj-WRgx37fy33fsvnW4kq6wSdYtFmOj1sYWgWaFQMSZeGk8LhLefJd0kCl-L1Z7itt-wjeh5FzA/s320/kiln+zhejiang2.jpg" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
.<b>Description of Singapore findings</b>: Most of the green ware shards found in Singapore are brownish green or greenish blue. Many of them date back to the Song Dynasty (960-1279AD), the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368 AD) and the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644AD). Most are found at Fort Canning. Why do you think they are found at Fort Canning? What does it suggest about who lived in this place? <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN7XY0UfzjYWp8Kgf6In2emkaiTQB6mNZsov9Jg8vJEd-ewva4ObqS4ozO6x_eu2rDdP6KW5oBzQx_XnjG6OWxh-YGCuYxdcXWQ2k2pKd2JQ7pqIP4-jm7BovK8LifVhyphenhyphen81V6YzdhinZM/s1600/Celadon+Bowl+%28Emp%29.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN7XY0UfzjYWp8Kgf6In2emkaiTQB6mNZsov9Jg8vJEd-ewva4ObqS4ozO6x_eu2rDdP6KW5oBzQx_XnjG6OWxh-YGCuYxdcXWQ2k2pKd2JQ7pqIP4-jm7BovK8LifVhyphenhyphen81V6YzdhinZM/s320/Celadon+Bowl+%28Emp%29.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Celadonware being uncovered at St Andrew's Cathedral</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>Picture Credits</b><br />
http://www.seaantique.com/S13008m.JPG<br />
http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/RL/00205)<br />
<br />
<b>References</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Miksic, J.N. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea
1300-1800.</i> Singapore: NUS Press and National Museum of Singapore, 2013)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Miksic, J.N
& Low, Cheryl-Ann Mek Gek (Eds). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Early
Singapore 1300s – 1819. </i>(Singapore: Singapore History Museum, 2004)</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuSwakWuBwXCUQGRuKYR9GyN9SrXZidQWdCEhbAtYQusc8zpBTufsFEhcRhAWvwBTO-3wvkLs6tIPsLeu_EXiCQxH-Uk3wiP_WygG_qxljyEm0j1hvp1wPBDLvApbyjkSa4YCnCJAdcRA/s1600/Celadon+Bowl.JPG"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuSwakWuBwXCUQGRuKYR9GyN9SrXZidQWdCEhbAtYQusc8zpBTufsFEhcRhAWvwBTO-3wvkLs6tIPsLeu_EXiCQxH-Uk3wiP_WygG_qxljyEm0j1hvp1wPBDLvApbyjkSa4YCnCJAdcRA/s320/Celadon+Bowl.JPG" /></a></span>Social Studies Singaporehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04784776446566461282noreply@blogger.com0